口语笔记——现在完成时
结构
have+done(过去分词)或者 has+done(过去分词)
- How long have you been here? I have been here for 30mins.
常用动词的过去分词:
动词 | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 名词 |
---|---|---|---|---|
吃 | eat | ate | eaten | 汉堡 |
告诉 | tell | told | told | 他 |
卖 | sell | sold | sold | 房子 |
买 | buy | bought | bought | 车 |
带 | bring | brought | brought | 书 |
带 | take | took | taken | 书 |
看 | see | saw | seen | 他 |
些 | write | wrote | written | 书 |
偷 | steal | stole | stolen | 钱 |
给 | give | gave | given | 他 |
扔 | throw | threw | thrown | 钥匙 |
咬 | bite | bit | bitten | 你 |
开除 | fire | fired | fired | 他 |
找到 | find | found | found | 钥匙 |
移动 | move | moved | moved | 沙发 |
制造 | make | made | made | 决定 |
建造 | build | built | built | 地铁 |
解决 | solve | solved | solved | 问题 |
举行 | hold | held | held | 会议 |
邀请 | invite | invited | invited | 他 |
拒绝 | refuse | refused | refused | 他 |
惩罚 | punish | punished | punished | 他 |
选择 | choose | chose | chosen | 他 |
养育 | raise | raised | raised | 他 |
结束 | finish | finished | finished | 作业 |
完成 | complete | completed | completed | 任务 |
翻译 | translate | translated | translated | 书 |
时态对比
一般过去时和现在完成时,两者都表示过去发生的事情,区别在于 :
- 一般过去时是对过去发生事情的陈述:
- I ate a hamberger. 我刚吃了一个汉堡
- I lived here from 2019-2021. (过去一个时间段,与现在无关)
- 现在完成时侧重于过去发生事情对现在的影响
- 时间点:I have eaten a hamberger. (影响:不用再吃了)
- 时间段:I have lived here for two years. (持续到现在)
完成时中一般会有标志性词语
- 汉语中的 ‘已经’ ‘还没’ ‘过’
- 英语中的Already、yet、ever、never、just、before、once、twice、three times
时间点和时间段
现在完成时中的时间有两种表示形式:时间点和时间段。
表示时间点时,不要求动作延续:
- have gone to 表示已经去了某地,现在在路上或者已经到了
- Have eaten xxx 已经吃完xxx
表示时间段时,完成时侧重于动作是否能延续:
- How long have you known him? I have known him for 3 years. (know可延续)
谓语动词分为系动词和实义动词,实义动词分为可延续动词和不可延续动词,系动词都是可延续的。
对时间段提问时(how long),必须用可延续动词,不可延续动词 要换成 可延续的动词或系表结构,来表示可延续的状态。 例如:
- How long has this piece of clothing been on you? 你穿上这件衣服多久了
穿衣服的动词原本是put on,但这个动作不可延续,所以换成了能表达相同含义的be动词。
- how long have you worn this piece of clothing?
也可以将put on 换成 wear,表示长时间穿着,也是可延续性动词
可延续转换
不可延续–>可延续的转换关系分两类:
- 动词 变成 be + 形容词或介词短语,表示状态。
动词 | be+ adv.介短 |
---|---|
Come/arrive | be here |
Come back | be back |
Go/leave | be away (from) |
Go out | be out |
Begin/start | be on |
Finish | be over |
Die | be dead |
Wake up | be up/awake |
Join | be in |
Put on | be on |
Open | be open |
Close | be closed |
Lose | be missing |
- 动词变成可延续性动词。
动词 | 可延续性动词 |
---|---|
Borrow | keep |
Buy | have |
Catch a cold | have a cold |
Hear | know |
当无法变成延续性动词或状态时,用since从句,从句的时态是一般过去式。
- 你找到钥匙多久了 How long has it been since you found the key?
- 你吃了多久了 How long has it been since you ate it?
- 你告诉他多久了 How long has it been since you told him?
- 你开除他多久了 How long has it been since you fired him?
相关阅读
- 口语笔记——情态动词
- 口语笔记——虚拟语气