口语笔记——被动语态
简介
英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
- 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
- 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态(passive voice)是动词的一种形式,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
被动语态的结构是 be+done
(过去分词)。
时态
被动语态分一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,还有现在进行时。被动语态中不会出现do/does/did,全部使用be动词。
- 现在进行时:When is hamburger being eaten?
- 一般将来时:when is hamburger going to be eaten?
- 一般过去时:when was the hamburger (was) eaten?
- 一般现在时:when is the hamburger (is) eaten?
其中,一般过去时和一般现在时有特殊性,因为时表词和后面的动词是同一个动词,所以后面的动词省略。
对于一些中文句子的被动语态来说,翻译成一般过去时和一般现在时都可以
- the problem was solved 问题过去被解决了。
- The problem is solved 问题现在是解决的状态。
但有些无法表示状态,就只能翻译成过去时,例如:
- you were bitted by a dog. 你被狗咬了。
一般疑问句
- was he fired? 他被开除了吗?
- is the problem going to be solved? 这个总是会被解决吗?
- was the house sold to him ? 这个房子被卖给他了吗?
- Is the meeting being held in Beijing? 那个会议正在北京被举行吗?
两个疑问词时可以用and连接起来。
- where and when was he found? 他什么时候在哪被找到的?
- when and how did he come? 他什么时候又是怎么来的?
who 和 whom
whom可以用在介词后当宾语。
- who are you waiting for? == for whom are you waiting? 你在等谁
- who did you go with? == with whom did you go ?
- by whom are you invited? 你被谁邀请了?
- to whom was the house sold ?
- who is waiting for you? 谁在等你
lend和borrrow
针对动作的发起者,lend表示借出,而borrow表示借入。
- How much money did he borrow you? 他从你这儿借了多少钱?
发起者he, 是借入。
- How much money did he lend you? 他借给你多少钱?
发起者he,是借出。
- By whom was your phone borrowed? 你的手机被誰借走了?
- To whom did you lend the phone? 你把手机借给谁了
附:常见动词的过去分词
动词 | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 名词 |
---|---|---|---|---|
吃 | eat | ate | eaten | 汉堡 |
告诉 | tell | told | told | 他 |
卖 | sell | sold | sold | 房子 |
买 | buy | bought | bought | 车 |
带 | bring | brought | brought | 书 |
take | took | taken | ||
看 | see | saw | seen | 他 |
些 | write | wrote | written | 书 |
偷 | steal | stole | stolen | 钱 |
给 | give | gave | given | 他 |
扔 | throw | threw | thrown | 钥匙 |
咬 | bite | bit | bitten | 你 |
开除 | fire | fired | fired | 他 |
找到 | find | found | found | 钥匙 |
移动 | move | moved | moved | 沙发 |
制造 | make | made | made | 决定 |
建造 | build | built | built | 地铁 |
解决 | solve | solved | solved | 问题 |
举行 | hold | held | held | 会议 |
邀请 | invite | invited | invited | 他 |
拒绝 | refuse | refused | refused | 他 |
惩罚 | punish | punished | punished | 他 |
选择 | choose | chose | chosen | 他 |
养育 | raise | raised | raised | 他 |
结束 | finish | finished | finished | 作业 |
完成 | complete | completed | completed | 任务 |
翻译 | translate | translated | translated | 书 |
相关阅读
- 口语笔记——现在完成时
- 口语笔记——虚拟语气