自动微分-梯度！

前言背景知识：

梯度下降(Gradient descent,GD)

正文：

        自动微分为机器学习、深度学习神经网络的核心知识之一，若想更深一步使用神经网络进行具体问题研究，那么自动微分不得不了解。   “工欲善其事，必先利其器”，事为我们的研究问题，器乃神经网络、自动微分工具，这就不得不提一提现深度学习框架TensorFlow、PyTorch，还有即时编译、自动微分工具JAX。本文将使用Pytorch和Jax实现自动微分的基本案例。方便大家学习，入门自动微分工具，提供案例模板为Pytorch版和Jax版，为什么没有Tensorflow，因为觉得它不好用！

        注：这些框架、工具在CPU、GPU，又或是TPU的运行效率可执行查阅，作者认为Jax可能会成为潮流。

        已知基础单层线性回归模型如下：

        则有J关于theta偏导如下:

原生代码实现计算：

def h_x(theta0,theta1,x):
	return theta0+theta1*x

def SG(m,theta0,theta1,X,Y):
	sum = 0
	for i in range(0,m):
		sum += (h_x(theta0,theta1,X[i])-Y[i])
	theta0_grad = 1.0/m*sum
	
	sum = 0
	for i in range(0,m):
		sum += (h_x(theta0,theta1,X[i])-Y[i])*X[i]
	theta1_grad = 1.0/m*sum
    
	print("O_SG_grad_caculate : {} , {} ".format(theta0_grad,theta1_grad))

#损失函数
def loss(m,theta0,theta1,X,Y):
	result = 0.0
	for i in range(0,m):
		result += (h_x(theta0,theta1,X[i])-Y[i])**2

	return result/(2*m)

X = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Y = [13,14,20,21,25,30]

theta0 = 0.0
theta1 = 0.0

m = 6

y_pre = h_x(theta0,theta1,X)
loss = loss(m,theta0,theta1,X,Y)

print(loss)
SG(m,theta0,theta1,X,Y)

输出：

loss : 227.58333333333334

O_SG_grad_caculate : -20.5 , -81.66666666666666

Pytorch自动微分：

        1）torch.autograd.grad计算微分：

import torch

def h_x(theta0,theta1,x):
	return theta0+theta1*x

def SG_Torch(theta0,theta1,loss):
	theta0_grad,theta1_grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss,[theta0,theta1])
	print("T_SG_grad_caculate : {} , {} ".format(theta0_grad,theta1_grad))

X = torch.tensor([1,2,3,4,5,6])
Y = torch.tensor([13,14,20,21,25,30])

theta0 = torch.tensor(0.0,requires_grad=True)
theta1 = torch.tensor(0.0,requires_grad=True)

y_pre = h_x(theta0,theta1,X)
loss = torch.mean((y_pre - Y)**2/2)

#print loss res
print("loss : {}".format(loss))
#print grad res
SG_Torch(theta0,theta1,loss)

       输出：

loss : 227.5833282470703

T_SG_grad_caculate : -20.500001907348633 , -81.66667175292969

         2）loss.backward()实现计算微分，回传theta0和theta1两叶子节点（设置要求grad)

import torch

def h_x(theta0,theta1,x):
	return theta0+theta1*x

X = torch.tensor([1,2,3,4,5,6])
Y = torch.tensor([13,14,20,21,25,30])

theta0 = torch.tensor(0.0,requires_grad=True)
theta1 = torch.tensor(0.0,requires_grad=True)

y_pre = h_x(theta0,theta1,X)
loss = torch.mean((y_pre - Y)**2/2)

loss.backward()

#print loss res
print("loss : {}".format(loss))
#print grad res
print("T_SG_grad_caculate : {} , {} ".format(theta0.grad,theta1.grad))

        输出：

loss : 227.5833282470703

T_SG_grad_caculate : -20.500001907348633 , -81.66667175292969

Jax自动微分：

import jax
import jax.numpy as np
from jax import grad

def h_x(theta0,theta1,x):
	return theta0+theta1*x

def loss(theta0,theta1,X,Y):
    y_pre = h_x(theta0,theta1,X)
    loss = np.mean((y_pre - Y)**2/2)
    return loss

def SG_Jax(theta0,theta1,l,X,Y):
    g_L_theta0 = grad(loss,argnums = 0)
    g_L_theta1 = grad(loss,argnums = 1)
    
    theta0_grad = g_L_theta0(theta0,theta1,X,Y)
    theta1_grad = g_L_theta1(theta0,theta1,X,Y)
    
    print("J_SG_grad_caculate : {} , {} ".format(theta0_grad,theta1_grad))
    
X = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6])
Y = np.array([13,14,20,21,25,30])

theta0 = 0.0
theta1 = 0.0

l = loss(theta0,theta1,X,Y)

#print loss res
print("loss : {}".format(l))
#print grad res
SG_Jax(theta0,theta1,l,X,Y)

        输出：

loss : 227.58334350585938
J_SG_grad_caculate : -20.500001907348633 , -81.66667175292969