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教材管理系统设计与实现

article 2024/12/26 2:13:58

教材管理系统设计与实现

在这里插入图片描述

1. 系统概述

教材管理系统是一个基于PHP和SQL的Web应用程序，旨在为学校提供一个高效的教材管理平台。该系统可以帮助管理员录入教材信息、教师查询和申请教材、学生查询教材信息，提高教材管理的效率和透明度。

2. 技术栈

前端：HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, jQuery, Bootstrap
后端：PHP
数据库：MySQL
服务器：Apache

3. 系统功能模块

用户管理
- 用户注册与登录
- 用户信息管理
- 角色权限管理（管理员、教师、学生）
教材管理
- 教材信息录入
- 教材信息查询
- 教材信息修改
- 教材信息删除
申请管理
- 教师申请教材
- 管理员审批申请
库存管理
- 教材库存查询
- 教材库存更新
系统设置
- 数据备份与恢复
- 系统日志管理
- 参数配置

4. 数据库设计

4.1 数据库表结构

用户表（users）
- id (INT, 主键)
- username (VARCHAR, 用户名)
- password (VARCHAR, 密码)
- role (VARCHAR, 角色)
- created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
- updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)
教材表（textbooks）
- id (INT, 主键)
- title (VARCHAR, 教材名称)
- author (VARCHAR, 作者)
- publisher (VARCHAR, 出版社)
- isbn (VARCHAR, ISBN编号)
- quantity (INT, 库存数量)
- created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
- updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)
申请表（applications）
- id (INT, 主键)
- user_id (INT, 外键，关联用户表)
- textbook_id (INT, 外键，关联教材表)
- quantity (INT, 申请数量)
- status (VARCHAR, 申请状态)
- created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
- updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)

5. 系统架构设计

5.1 层次结构

表现层（Presentation Layer）
- 负责接收用户的请求，并返回处理结果。
- 使用PHP和HTML/CSS/JavaScript实现。
业务逻辑层（Business Logic Layer）
- 负责处理具体的业务逻辑。
- 使用PHP实现。
数据访问层（Data Access Layer）
- 负责与数据库交互，执行增删改查操作。
- 使用PHP的PDO扩展实现。

5.2 控制器（Controller）

控制器负责处理用户的请求，并调用相应的模型方法。示例如下：

<?php
session_start();

// 连接数据库
$host = 'localhost';
$db = 'textbook_management';
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';

try {
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
    $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
}

// 用户登录
if (isset($_POST['login'])) {
    $username = $_POST['username'];
    $password = $_POST['password'];

    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username AND password = :password");
    $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password]);
    $user = $stmt->fetch();

    if ($user) {
        $_SESSION['user'] = $user;
        header('Location: dashboard.php');
    } else {
        echo "Invalid username or password.";
    }
}
?>

5.3 模型（Model）

模型负责处理数据的存取操作。示例如下：

<?php
class Textbook {
    private $pdo;

    public function __construct($pdo) {
        $this->pdo = $pdo;
    }

    public function getAllTextbooks() {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->query("SELECT * FROM textbooks");
        return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    }

    public function addTextbook($title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO textbooks (title, author, publisher, isbn, quantity) VALUES (:title, :author, :publisher, :isbn, :quantity)");
        $stmt->execute(['title' => $title, 'author' => $author, 'publisher' => $publisher, 'isbn' => $isbn, 'quantity' => $quantity]);
    }

    public function getTextbookById($id) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM textbooks WHERE id = :id");
        $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
        return $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    }

    public function updateTextbook($id, $title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE textbooks SET title = :title, author = :author, publisher = :publisher, isbn = :isbn, quantity = :quantity WHERE id = :id");
        $stmt->execute(['id' => $id, 'title' => $title, 'author' => $author, 'publisher' => $publisher, 'isbn' => $isbn, 'quantity' => $quantity]);
    }

    public function deleteTextbook($id) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM textbooks WHERE id = :id");
        $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
    }
}
?>

5.4 视图（View）

视图负责显示数据。示例如下：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>教材列表</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>教材列表</h1>
        <table class="table table-striped">
            <thead>
                <tr>
                    <th>教材名称</th>
                    <th>作者</th>
                    <th>出版社</th>
                    <th>ISBN编号</th>
                    <th>库存数量</th>
                    <th>操作</th>
                </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
                <?php foreach ($textbooks as $textbook): ?>
                    <tr>
                        <td><?php echo $textbook['title']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $textbook['author']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $textbook['publisher']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $textbook['isbn']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $textbook['quantity']; ?></td>
                        <td>
                            <a href="edit-textbook.php?id=<?php echo $textbook['id']; ?>" class="btn btn-primary">编辑</a>
                            <a href="delete-textbook.php?id=<?php echo $textbook['id']; ?>" class="btn btn-danger">删除</a>
                        </td>
                    </tr>
                <?php endforeach; ?>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <a href="add-textbook.php" class="btn btn-success">添加教材</a>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

6. 功能实现

6.1 用户注册与登录

注册页面（register.php）

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>注册</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>注册</h1>
        <form action="register.php" method="post">
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="username">用户名</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" name="username" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="password">密码</label>
                <input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" name="password" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="role">角色</label>
                <select class="form-control" id="role" name="role" required>
                    <option value="admin">管理员</option>
                    <option value="teacher">教师</option>
                    <option value="student">学生</option>
                </select>
            </div>
            <button type="submit" name="register" class="btn btn-primary">注册</button>
        </form>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

注册处理（register.php）

<?php
session_start();

// 连接数据库
$host = 'localhost';
$db = 'textbook_management';
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';

try {
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
    $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
}

if (isset($_POST['register'])) {
    $username = $_POST['username'];
    $password = $_POST['password'];
    $role = $_POST['role'];

    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO users (username, password, role) VALUES (:username, :password, :role)");
    $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password, 'role' => $role]);

    echo "注册成功！";
}
?>

登录页面（login.php）

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>登录</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>登录</h1>
        <form action="login.php" method="post">
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="username">用户名</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" name="username" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="password">密码</label>
                <input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" name="password" required>
            </div>
            <button type="submit" name="login" class="btn btn-primary">登录</button>
        </form>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

登录处理（login.php）

<?php
session_start();

// 连接数据库
$host = 'localhost';
$db = 'textbook_management';
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';

try {
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
    $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
}

if (isset($_POST['login'])) {
    $username = $_POST['username'];
    $password = $_POST['password'];

    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username AND password = :password");
    $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password]);
    $user = $stmt->fetch();

    if ($user) {
        $_SESSION['user'] = $user;
        header('Location: dashboard.php');
    } else {
        echo "Invalid username or password.";
    }
}
?>

6.2 教材管理

添加教材页面（add-textbook.php）

<?php
session_start();

if (!isset($_SESSION['user']) || $_SESSION['user']['role'] !== 'admin') {
    header('Location: login.php');
    exit;
}

$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");

if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
    $title = $_POST['title'];
    $author = $_POST['author'];
    $publisher = $_POST['publisher'];
    $isbn = $_POST['isbn'];
    $quantity = $_POST['quantity'];

    $textbook = new Textbook($pdo);
    $textbook->addTextbook($title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity);

    header('Location: manage-textbooks.php');
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>添加教材</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>添加教材</h1>
        <form action="add-textbook.php" method="post">
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="title">教材名称</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="title" name="title" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="author">作者</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="author" name="author" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="publisher">出版社</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="publisher" name="publisher" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="isbn">ISBN编号</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="isbn" name="isbn" required>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="quantity">库存数量</label>
                <input type="number" class="form-control" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="0" required>
            </div>
            <button type="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">添加</button>
        </form>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

6.3 教材申请管理

教师申请教材页面（apply-textbook.php）

<?php
session_start();

if (!isset($_SESSION['user']) || $_SESSION['user']['role'] !== 'teacher') {
    header('Location: login.php');
    exit;
}

$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");

$textbook = new Textbook($pdo);
$textbooks = $textbook->getAllTextbooks();

if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
    $user_id = $_SESSION['user']['id'];
    $textbook_id = $_POST['textbook_id'];
    $quantity = $_POST['quantity'];

    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO applications (user_id, textbook_id, quantity, status) VALUES (:user_id, :textbook_id, :quantity, 'pending')");
    $stmt->execute(['user_id' => $user_id, 'textbook_id' => $textbook_id, 'quantity' => $quantity]);

    header('Location: my-applications.php');
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>申请教材</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>申请教材</h1>
        <form action="apply-textbook.php" method="post">
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="textbook_id">教材</label>
                <select class="form-control" id="textbook_id" name="textbook_id" required>
                    <?php foreach ($textbooks as $textbook): ?>
                        <option value="<?php echo $textbook['id']; ?>"><?php echo $textbook['title']; ?> (库存: <?php echo $textbook['quantity']; ?>)</option>
                    <?php endforeach; ?>
                </select>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="quantity">申请数量</label>
                <input type="number" class="form-control" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" required>
            </div>
            <button type="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">申请</button>
        </form>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

7. 安全性设计

为了保证系统的安全性，需要实现以下功能：

用户认证：使用PHP会话管理进行用户认证和授权。
数据校验：在控制器层进行输入参数的校验，防止SQL注入等攻击。
日志记录：记录关键操作的日志，便于审计和故障排查。

8. 测试与部署

单元测试：使用PHPUnit进行单元测试，确保各个模块的功能正确。
集成测试：进行集成测试，确保各个模块之间的协同工作正常。
部署：将应用程序部署到Apache服务器上，确保在生产环境中运行稳定。

9. 源代码

由于篇幅限制，无法完整展示所有源代码。以下是部分核心代码示例：

9.1 教材申请实体类（Application.php）

<?php
class Application {
    private $pdo;

    public function __construct($pdo) {
        $this->pdo = $pdo;
    }

    public function getAllApplications() {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->query("SELECT a.*, u.username, t.title FROM applications a JOIN users u ON a.user_id = u.id JOIN textbooks t ON a.textbook_id = t.id");
        return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    }

    public function getApplicationsByUserId($user_id) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT a.*, t.title FROM applications a JOIN textbooks t ON a.textbook_id = t.id WHERE a.user_id = :user_id");
        $stmt->execute(['user_id' => $user_id]);
        return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    }

    public function approveApplication($id) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE applications SET status = 'approved' WHERE id = :id");
        $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
    }

    public function rejectApplication($id) {
        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE applications SET status = 'rejected' WHERE id = :id");
        $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
    }
}
?>

9.2 查看我的申请页面（my-applications.php）

<?php
session_start();

if (!isset($_SESSION['user'])) {
    header('Location: login.php');
    exit;
}

$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");

$application = new Application($pdo);
$applications = $application->getApplicationsByUserId($_SESSION['user']['id']);
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>我的申请</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>我的申请</h1>
        <table class="table table-striped">
            <thead>
                <tr>
                    <th>教材名称</th>
                    <th>申请数量</th>
                    <th>申请状态</th>
                    <th>操作</th>
                </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
                <?php foreach ($applications as $application): ?>
                    <tr>
                        <td><?php echo $application['title']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $application['quantity']; ?></td>
                        <td><?php echo $application['status']; ?></td>
                        <td>
                            <?php if ($application['status'] === 'pending'): ?>
                                <a href="cancel-application.php?id=<?php echo $application['id']; ?>" class="btn btn-danger">取消申请</a>
                            <?php endif; ?>
                        </td>
                    </tr>
                <?php endforeach; ?>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <a href="apply-textbook.php" class="btn btn-primary">申请教材</a>
    </div>
</body>
</html>