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英语中从句和复合句简单介绍

从句(Subordinate Clauses)是依附于主句(Main Clause)的句子成分,不能单独成句。复合句(Complex Sentences)是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。

1. 主从复合句的类型

1.1 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)

名词性从句在句子中充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。

  1. 主语从句(Subject Clauses)

    • 用法:从句位于句子的主语位置。
    • 引导词that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
      • Whether he will come is still unknown.(他是否会来还不清楚。)
  2. 宾语从句(Object Clauses)

    • 用法:从句位于动词、介词或形容词后的宾语位置。
    • 引导词that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
      • She asked whether he would help.(她问他是否会帮忙。)
  3. 表语从句(Predicative Clauses)

    • 用法:从句位于系动词后,充当表语。
    • 引导词that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • The problem is that he is not reliable.(问题是他是不可靠的。)
      • My hope is that we will succeed.(我的希望是我们会成功。)
  4. 同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)

    • 用法:从句位于名词或代词后,对其进一步说明。
    • 引导词that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都感到惊讶。)
      • The question whether he will come remains unanswered.(他是否会来的问题仍未得到回答。)
1.2 定语从句(Adjective Clauses)

定语从句在句子中充当定语,修饰名词或代词。

  1. 限制性定语从句(Restrictive Relative Clauses)

    • 用法:提供必要信息,去掉后会影响句子意义。
    • 引导词who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
      • The book that I read was very interesting.(我读的那本书非常有趣。)
  2. 非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Relative Clauses)

    • 用法:提供额外信息,去掉后不影响句子意义。
    • 引导词who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why
    • 例句
      • My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.(我住在纽约的哥哥下周会来看我们。)
      • The library, which was built last year, is very modern.(去年建成的图书馆非常现代化。)
1.3 状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)

状语从句在句子中充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词。

  1. 时间状语从句(Time Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as
    • 例句
      • I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)
      • She left while I was sleeping.(我睡觉的时候她离开了。)
  2. 原因状语从句(Reason Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词because, since, as, for
    • 例句
      • She stayed home because she was sick.(她待在家里因为她生病了。)
      • Since it was raining, we stayed inside.(因为下雨,我们待在室内。)
  3. 条件状语从句(Condition Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词if, unless, as long as, provided that, on condition that
    • 例句
      • If it rains, we will stay inside.(如果下雨,我们就待在室内。)
      • You won’t pass the exam unless you study.(除非你学习,否则你不会通过考试。)
  4. 让步状语从句(Concession Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词although, though, even though, even if, however, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, no matter (how/what/who/where/when)
    • 例句
      • Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
      • Even if it rains, we will go.(即使下雨,我们也会去。)
  5. 地点状语从句(Place Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
    • 例句
      • This is the place where we first met.(这是我们第一次见面的地方。)
      • Wherever you go, I will follow.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你。)
  6. 目的状语从句(Purpose Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词so that, in order that
    • 例句
      • I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.(我早起以便赶上公交车。)
      • She studied hard in order that she could get a good grade.(她努力学习以便取得好成绩。)
  7. 结果状语从句(Result Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词so...that, such...that
    • 例句
      • He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,立刻就睡着了。)
      • It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go for a picnic.(天气如此美好,我们决定去野餐。)
  8. 方式状语从句(Manner Adverbial Clauses)

    • 引导词as, as if, as though
    • 例句
      • Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
      • He looked as if he had seen a ghost.(他看起来好像见到了鬼。)

2. 复合句的结构

复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。主句和从句之间通过从属连词或关系代词/关系副词连接。

  1. 主句 + 名词性从句

    • 例句I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
  2. 主句 + 定语从句

    • 例句The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
  3. 主句 + 状语从句

    • 例句I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)

3. 比较

3.1 名词性从句 vs 定语从句 vs 状语从句
  1. 名词性从句

    • 功能:充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
    • 引导词that, whether, if, what, who, which, how, when, where, why
  2. 定语从句

    • 功能:充当定语,修饰名词或代词。
    • 引导词who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why
  3. 状语从句

    • 功能:充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词。
    • 引导词when, while, as, because, since, if, unless, although, though, so that, in order that, so...that, such...that, as, as if, as though
3.2 限制性定语从句 vs 非限制性定语从句
  1. 限制性定语从句

    • 功能:提供必要信息,去掉后会影响句子意义。
    • 标点:不使用逗号分隔。
  2. 非限制性定语从句

    • 功能:提供额外信息,去掉后不影响句子意义。
    • 标点:使用逗号分隔。

4. 例句对比

  1. 名词性从句

    • 主语从句What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
    • 宾语从句I know that he is coming.(我知道他会来。)
    • 表语从句The problem is that he is not reliable.(问题是他是不可靠的。)
    • 同位语从句The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.(他获奖的消息让每个人都感到惊讶。)
  2. 定语从句

    • 限制性定语从句The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
    • 非限制性定语从句My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.(我住在纽约的哥哥下周会来看我们。)
  3. 状语从句

    • 时间状语从句I will call you when I arrive.(我到的时候会给你打电话。)
    • 原因状语从句She stayed home because she was sick.(她待在家里因为她生病了。)
    • 条件状语从句If it rains, we will stay inside.(如果下雨,我们就待在室内。)
    • 让步状语从句Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
    • 地点状语从句This is the place where we first met.(这是我们第一次见面的地方。)
    • 目的状语从句I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.(我早起以便赶上公交车。)
    • 结果状语从句He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,立刻就睡着了。)
    • 方式状语从句Do as I say.(照我说的做。)

5. 总结

  • 名词性从句:在句子中充当名词的功能,可以作为主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
  • 定语从句:在句子中充当定语,修饰名词或代词,分为限制性和非限制性。
  • 状语从句:在句子中充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词,根据不同的功能有不同的引导词。

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