变分自编码器(VAE, Variational Autoencoder)
代码说明
VAE 模型结构:
编码器将输入数据(如 MNIST 图像)映射到潜在空间,生成均值 (mu) 和对数方差 (logvar)。
通过重新参数化技巧 (reparameterize) 从正态分布中采样潜在向量 z。
解码器将潜在向量 z 映射回原始空间,生成重构数据。
损失函数:
重构误差(BCE):衡量重构数据和原始数据的差异。
KL 散度(KLD):衡量潜在向量分布与标准正态分布的接近程度。
数据加载:
MNIST 数据集被用作示例,图像被标准化为 [0, 1] 范围。
生成结果:
测试阶段通过潜在空间随机采样生成新样本,并用 Matplotlib 可视化。
代码
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 超参数
input_dim = 784 # 输入维度 (28x28 图像展开为向量)
hidden_dim = 400 # 隐藏层维度
latent_dim = 20 # 潜在空间维度
batch_size = 128 # 批量大小
num_epochs = 20 # 训练轮数
learning_rate = 1e-3 # 学习率
# 数据加载
# transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,))])
transform = transforms.Compose([
transforms.ToTensor() # 将像素值直接归一化到 [0, 1]
])
train_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./data', train=True, transform=transform, download=True)
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
# VAE 模型定义
class VAE(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_dim, hidden_dim, latent_dim):
super(VAE, self).__init__()
# 编码器
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim)
self.fc_mu = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, latent_dim)
self.fc_logvar = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, latent_dim)
# 解码器
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(latent_dim, hidden_dim)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, input_dim)
def encode(self, x):
h1 = torch.relu(self.fc1(x))
mu = self.fc_mu(h1)
logvar = self.fc_logvar(h1)
return mu, logvar
def reparameterize(self, mu, logvar):
std = torch.exp(0.5 * logvar)
eps = torch.randn_like(std)
return mu + eps * std
def decode(self, z):
h2 = torch.relu(self.fc2(z))
return torch.sigmoid(self.fc3(h2))
def forward(self, x):
mu, logvar = self.encode(x)
z = self.reparameterize(mu, logvar)
return self.decode(z), mu, logvar
# 构造模型、损失函数和优化器
model = VAE(input_dim, hidden_dim, latent_dim)
criterion = nn.BCELoss(reduction='sum') # 二元交叉熵损失
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
# 训练
def loss_function(recon_x, x, mu, logvar):
BCE = criterion(recon_x, x)
KLD = -0.5 * torch.sum(1 + logvar - mu.pow(2) - logvar.exp())
return BCE + KLD
model.train()
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_loss = 0
for data, _ in train_loader:
data = data.view(-1, input_dim) # 展平输入图像
recon_batch, mu, logvar = model(data)
loss = loss_function(recon_batch, data, mu, logvar)
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
train_loss += loss.item()
print(f"Epoch [{epoch + 1}/{num_epochs}], Loss: {train_loss / len(train_loader.dataset):.4f}")
# 测试(生成样本)
model.eval()
with torch.no_grad():
z = torch.randn(16, latent_dim) # 随机采样潜在向量
samples = model.decode(z).view(-1, 1, 28, 28) # 生成样本
# 可视化生成结果
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
for i in range(16):
plt.subplot(4, 4, i + 1)
plt.imshow(samples[i][0].numpy(), cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.suptitle('Generated Samples from VAE')
plt.show()