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路由引入中次优路由和路由环路问题

article 2024/11/29 19:20:33

A公司用的是IS-IS，B公司用的是OSPF，现在这两个公司要合并，网络要相通

项目目标

前期准备

配置IP地址：完成IP地址规划，A公司和B公司内部网络通过路由器R2和R4环回接口模拟。配置路由器接口的IP地址并测试所有直连链路的连通性
配置IS-IS：路由器R1、R2和R3上网络配置IS-IS路由协议，区域为49.0001，R2上引入直连路由
配置OSPF：路由器R1、R3和R4上配置OSPF路由协议,区域为0，R4上引入直连路由

核心

配置路由引入：在边界设备R1和R3上配置路由引入。
分析次优路由：在路由器R3上首先执行OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入，在路由器R1的路由表中出现到达R4环回接口所在网络的次优路由。
分析路由环路：在路由器R1上也完成OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入，在器R1、R2和R3路由器上中出现到达R4环回接口所在网络的路由环路。
解决路由环路和次优路由：在路由引入时使用路由策略和路由标记来解决次优路由、路由反馈和路由环路的方案扩展性非常好

项目步骤

准备工作

（1）配置各设备的IP地址

完成实验拓扑图的IP的地址规划，AR2、AR4之间的内部网络通过环回接口模拟

# AR1配置
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.12.1 255.255.255.0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 172.16.134.1 24
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[AR1]

# AR2配置
[AR2]interface LoopBack 2
[AR2-LoopBack2]ip address 172.16.2.2 24
[AR2-LoopBack2]q
[AR2]interface LoopBack 22
[AR2-LoopBack22]ip address 172.16.22.2 24
[AR2-LoopBack22]q
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.12.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 172.16.23.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[AR2]

# AR3配置
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.23.3 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 172.16.134.3 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[AR3]

# AR4配置
[AR4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.134.4 24
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR4]interface LoopBack 4
[AR4-LoopBack4]ip address 172.16.4.4 24
[AR4-LoopBack4]q
[AR4]interface LoopBack 44
[AR4-LoopBack44]ip address 172.16.44.4 24
[AR4-LoopBack44]q
[AR4]

验证（以AR2为例）

<AR2>display ip interface brief | exclude unassigned

（2）配置IS-IS

路由器AR1、AR2、AR3上网络配置IS-IS路由协议，区域为49.0001，AR2上引入直连路由

# AR1配置
[AR1]isis 1
[AR1-isis-1]cost-style wide
[AR1-isis-1]network-entity 49.0001.1111.1111.1111.00
[AR1-isis-1]q
[AR1]interface  GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]isis enable 1
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR1]

# AR2配置
[AR2]isis 1	
[AR2-isis-1]cost-style wide
[AR2-isis-1]network-entity 49.0001.2222.2222.2222.00	
[AR2-isis-1]import-route direct 
[AR2-isis-1]q
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]isis enable 1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]isis enable 1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[AR2]

# AR3配置
[AR3]isis 1
[AR3-isis-1]cost-style wide
[AR3-isis-1]network-entity 49.0001.3333.3333.3333.00
[AR3-isis-1]q
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]isis enable 1
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR3]

验证（以AR1为例）

<AR1>display ip routing-table protocol isis

（3）配置OSPF

路由器AR1、AR3、AR4上配置OSPF路由协议，区域为0，AR4上引入直连路由

# AR1配置
[AR1]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1
[AR1-ospf-1]bandwidth-reference 1000
Info: Reference bandwidth is changed. Please ensure that the reference bandwidth
 that is configured for all the routers are the same.
[AR1-ospf-1]area 0
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.134.1 0.0.0.0
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR1-ospf-1]q
[AR1]

# AR3配置
[AR3]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3
[AR3-ospf-1]bandwidth-reference 1000
Info: Reference bandwidth is changed. Please ensure that the reference bandwidth
 that is configured for all the routers are the same.
[AR3-ospf-1]area 0
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.134.3 0.0.0.0
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR3-ospf-1]q
[AR3]

# AR4配置
[AR4]ospf 1 router-id 4.4.4.4
[AR4-ospf-1]import-route direct cost 10
[AR4-ospf-1]bandwidth-reference 1000
Info: Reference bandwidth is changed. Please ensure that the reference bandwidth
 that is configured for all the routers are the same.
[AR4-ospf-1]area 0
[AR4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.134.4 0.0.0.0
[AR4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR4-ospf-1]q
[AR4]

验证（以AR1为例）

<AR1>display ip routing-table protocol ospf

核心工作

（1）配置路由引入

在路由器AR3上首先执行OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入

[AR3]ospf 1
[AR3-ospf-1]import-route isis 1
[AR3-ospf-1]q

[AR3]isis 1
[AR3-isis-1]import-route ospf 1
[AR3-isis-1]q
[AR3]

（2）分析次优路由

在路由器AR3上首先执行OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入后，在路由器AR1的路由表中，发现到目的网络172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0的下一跳地址是172.16.12.2，也就是经过路由器AR2和AR3到达，而没有选择直接到AR4，就是次优路由

<AR1>display ip routing-table protocol isis

由于172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0是通过在路由器AR4引入直连进入OSPF的，所以是OSPF ASE路由，在路由器AR1和AR3上没有执行双向路由引入之前，路由172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0会以O_ASE代码出现在路由器AR1和AR3的路由表上，路由优先级为150。

在路由器AR3上首先执行了OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入，外部路由条目172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0进入OSPF进程，该条目通过5类LSA传递给路由器AR1，路由器AR1通过比较路由优先级，发现从路由器AR2收到该路由条目的优先级为15，而从路由器AR4收到的路由条目优先级为150，所以路由器AR1更新路由表，选择路由条目优先级低的路由安装进路由表，即下一跳指向路由器AR2，所以造成了次优路由

查看AR1到达172.16.4.4的信息

<AR1>tracert 172.16.4.4

（3）分析次优路由

在路由器AR1上也完成OSPF和IS-IS双向路由引入，在路由器AR1、AR2和AR3上出现到达AR4环回接口所在网络的路由环路

[AR1]ospf 1	
[AR1-ospf-1]import-route isis 1
[AR1-ospf-1]q

[AR1]isis 1
[AR1-isis-1]import-route ospf 1
[AR1-isis-1]q
[AR1]

接下来在路由器AR1、AR2、AR3上查看路由表，只需要关注172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0两条路由（以AR1为例）

<AR1>display ip routing-table

以上输出关注3台路由器上路由条目172.16.4.0和172.16.44.0的下一跳，发现路由环路已经产生

（4）解决路由环路和次优路由

在路由引入时使用路由策略和路由标记来解决次优路由、路由反馈和路由环路

首先通过修改路由优先级来解决次优路由和路由反馈的问题

# AR1配置
[AR1]ip ip-prefix 4 index 10 permit 172.16.4.0 24
[AR1]ip ip-prefix 4 index 20 permit 172.16.44.0 24
[AR1]route-policy PRE permit node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]if-match ip-prefix 4
[AR1-route-policy]apply preference 160
[AR1-route-policy]q
[AR1]route-policy PRE permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]q
[AR1]isis 1	
[AR1-isis-1]preference route-policy PRE
[AR1-isis-1]q
[AR1]

# AR3配置
[AR3]ip ip-prefix 4 index 10 permit 172.16.4.0 24
[AR3]ip ip-prefix 4 index 20 permit 172.16.44.0 24
[AR3]route-policy PRE permit node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]if-match ip-prefix 4
[AR3-route-policy]apply preference 160
[AR3-route-policy]q
[AR3]route-policy PRE permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]q
[AR3]isis 1
[AR3-isis-1]preference route-policy PRE
[AR3-isis-1]q
[AR3]

然后用路由策略和路由标记来解决路由环路问题

# AR1配置
[AR1]route-policy O2I deny node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]if-match tag 200
[AR1-route-policy]q
[AR1]route-policy O2I permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]apply tag 100
[AR1-route-policy]q
[AR1]route-policy I2O deny node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]if-match tag 400
[AR1-route-policy]q
[AR1]route-policy I2O permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR1-route-policy]apply tag 300
[AR1-route-policy]q

[AR1]ospf 1
[AR1-ospf-1]import-route isis 1 route-policy I2O
[AR1-ospf-1]q
[AR1]isis 1
[AR1-isis-1]import-route ospf 1 route-policy O2I
[AR1-isis-1]q
[AR1]

# AR3配置
[AR3]route-policy I2O deny node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]if-match tag 100
[AR3-route-policy]q
[AR3]route-policy I2O permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]apply tag 200
[AR3-route-policy]q
[AR3]route-policy O2I deny node 10
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]if-match tag 300
[AR3-route-policy]q
[AR3]route-policy O2I permit node 20
Info: New Sequence of this List.
[AR3-route-policy]apply tag 400
[AR3-route-policy]q

[AR3]ospf 1
[AR3-ospf-1]import-route isis 1 route-policy I2O
[AR3-ospf-1]q
[AR3]isis 1
[AR3-isis-1]import-route ospf 1 route-policy I2O
[AR3-isis-1]q
[AR3]