Linux中网络文件系统nfs使用
一、nfs服务
NFS（Network File System） 是一种用于在网络中共享文件的协议，允许不同操作系统（如 Linux、Unix、MacOS 等）之间进行文件共享。
NFS 的工作原理基于客户端-服务器模型，服务器提供共享文件系统，客户端通过挂载这些文件系统来访问共享的文件。
二、安装配置nfs
1、准备两台虚拟机。
本文使用centos7和 fedora 27系统版本
server：192.168.18.134
client：192.168.18.130
确保两台机器都安装了nfs服务
# rpm命令查看是否安装，没有安装直接yum安装
# 服务端
[server root ~] # ip a|grep ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 192.168.18.134/24 brd 192.168.18.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
[server root ~] # rpm -qa|grep nfs-utils
[server root ~] # yum -y install nfs-utils
# 客户端
[nfsclient root ~] # ip a|grep ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 192.168.18.130/24 brd 192.168.18.255 scope global ens33
[nfsclient root ~] # rpm -qa|grep nfs-utils
nfs-utils-2.1.1-6.rc5.fc27.x86_64
2、准备一个专门用作nfs的磁盘分区，格式化，挂载（server端）
# 这里使用sdb6作为nfs挂载点
[server root ~] # lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 35.5G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 5G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 6G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom
[server root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.6M 901M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 371M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0
# 格式化分区
[server root ~] # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb6
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
393216 inodes, 1572864 blocks
78643 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1610612736
48 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
eating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
创建目录，挂载
[server root ~] # mkdir /nfs-share
[server root ~] # mount /dev/sdb6 /nfs-share/
[server root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.6M 901M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 371M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb6 ext4 5.8G 24M 5.5G 1% /nfs-share
编写exports配置文件，直接写192.168.18.0/24整个网段
[server root ~] # cat /etc/exports
/nfs-share 192.168.18.0/24(rw)
重启nfs服务，关闭防火墙，selinux设置为disabled
[server root ~] # systemctl status nfs-server
● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since Wed 2024-11-27 16:51:15 CST; 8s ago
Process: 7636 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl reload gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 7619 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 7618 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 7619 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service
Nov 27 16:51:15 server systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services...
Nov 27 16:51:15 server systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services.
[server root ~] # systemctl stop firewalld
[server root ~] # setenforce 0
setenforce: SELinux is disabled
或者防火墙开启nfs访问，重新启动nfs服务
server root ~] # firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=nfs --permanent
success
[server root ~] # firewall-cmd --reload
success
[server root ~] # systemctl restart nfs-server
[server root ~] #
nfs服务已正常挂载，挂载目录为/nfs-share
[server root ~] # cat /etc/exports
/nfs-share 192.168.18.0/24(rw)
[server root ~] # exportfs
/nfs-share 192.168.18.0/24
[server root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 900M 0 900M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 9.6M 901M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 910M 0 910M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 36G 3.7G 32G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 509M 138M 371M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 182M 0 182M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb6 ext4 5.8G 24M 5.5G 1% /nfs-share3、客户端访问
首先先创建目录，然后挂载服务端IP+目录
[nfsclient root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 4.6M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs 15G 5.2G 9.9G 35% /
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p1 ext4 40G 182M 37G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 117M 793M 13% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 394M 0 394M 0% /run/user/0
[nfsclient root ~] # mkdir /nfs-mountpoint
[nfsclient root ~] # mount -t nfs 192.168.18.134:/nfs-share /nfs-mountpoint
[nfsclient root ~] # df -TH
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 4.9M 2.1G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs 17G 5.6G 11G 35% /
tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p1 ext4 43G 191M 40G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 1.1G 123M 831M 13% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 413M 0 413M 0% /run/user/0
192.168.18.134:/nfs-share nfs4 6.3G 26M 5.9G 1% /nfs-mountpoint
4、测试创建文件或者目录是否正常访问
# server端正常创建文件
[server root /nfs-share] # ls
lost+found
[server root /nfs-share] # touch test
# 客户端创建失败了
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # ll
total 16
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Nov 27 16:31 lost+found
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 28 08:48 test
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # touch test2
touch: cannot touch 'test2': Permission denied
因为服务端设置的other权限是r+x权限，没有写的权限，所有需要加w权限
[server root /nfs-share] # cat /etc/exports
/nfs-share 192.168.18.0/24(rw)
[server root /nfs-share] # ls -ld /nfs-share/
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 28 08:48 /nfs-share/
[server root /nfs-share] # ls -ld /nfs-share/
drwxr-xrwx 3 root root 4096 Nov 28 08:48 /nfs-share/
# 客户端重新创建文件
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # touch test2
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # ls
lost+found test test2
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # ls -ld /nfs-mountpoint/
drwxr-xrwx 3 root root 4096 Nov 28 08:50 /nfs-mountpoint/
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # mkdir KFC
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # ls -l
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 nobody nobody 4096 Nov 28 09:45 KFC
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Nov 27 16:31 lost+found
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 28 08:48 test
-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nobody 0 Nov 28 08:50 test2
5、配置永久挂载
客户端配置/etc/fstab，重启reboot
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # vim /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 21 10:49:11 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/fedora-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=8d0e84a0-5871-47cb-80b1-ccdc548d1443 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/fedora-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/nvme0n1p1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0
192.168.18.134:/nfs-share /nfs-mountpoint nfs defaults 0 0
~
~
[nfsclient root /nfs-mountpoint] # reboot
Connection closing...Socket close.
Connection closed by foreign host.
Disconnected from remote host(fedora) at 08:52:25.
......
Connecting to 192.168.18.130:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.
WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request.
Last login: Wed Nov 27 16:15:42 2024 from 192.168.18.1
[nfsclient root ~] # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 4.6M 2.0G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs 15G 5.2G 9.9G 35% /
tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p1 ext4 40G 182M 37G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 117M 793M 13% /boot
192.168.18.134:/nfs-share nfs4 5.8G 24M 5.5G 1% /nfs-mountpoint