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ElasticSearch常见的索引_集群的备份与恢复方案

article 2025/1/10 23:09:38

方案一：使用Elasticsearch的快照和恢复功能进行备份和恢复。该方案适用于集群整体备份与迁移，包括全量、增量备份和恢复。

方案二：通过reindex操作在集群内或跨集群同步数据。该方案适用于相同集群但不同索引层面的迁移，或者跨集群的索引迁移。缺点是跨集群迁移时需要在elasticsearch.yml中添加目标集群IP白名单。

方案三：使用elasticdump来迁移映射和数据。该方案适用于仅对索引层面进行数据或映射的迁移，支持analyzer/mapping/data等操作。相较于reindex跨集群操作，elasticdump无须配置白名单。

思考：直接拷贝文件能实现集群备份吗？

reindex 更适合同集群内

elasticsearch-dump

elasticsearch-dump 是一个开源的用于导入和导出 Elasticsearch 数据的命令行工具，通过将 输入（input） 发送到输出（output）进行工作。输入和输出即可以是 Elasticsearch URL 也可以是文件。

Elasticsearch/OpenSearch:

format: {protocol}://{host}:{port}/{index}
example: http://127.0.0.1:9200/my_index

File:

format: {FilePath}
example: /Users/evantahler/Desktop/dump.json

github 地址：https://github.com/elasticsearch-dump/elasticsearch-dump

使用

安装 elasticsearch-dump

前提：需要 node 环境

npm install elasticdump
./bin/elasticdump

npm install elasticdump -g
elasticdump

迁移指定索引的settings

node elasticdump \
--input=http://"<UserName>:<YourPassword>"@<YourEsHost>/<YourEsIndex> \
--output=http://"<OtherName>:<OtherPassword>"@<OtherEsHost>/<OtherEsIndex> \
--type=settings

导出指定索引的mapping

node D:\software\nodejs\node_global\node_modules\elasticdump\bin\elasticdump --input=https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test --output=/data/my_index_mapping.json --type=mapping

报错如下：

Wed, 23 Oct 2024 05:55:34 GMT | starting dump
Wed, 23 Oct 2024 05:55:34 GMT | Error Emitted => self-signed certificate in certificate chain
Wed, 23 Oct 2024 05:55:34 GMT | Error Emitted => self-signed certificate in certificate chain
Wed, 23 Oct 2024 05:55:34 GMT | Total Writes: 0
Wed, 23 Oct 2024 05:55:34 GMT | dump ended with error (get phase) => Error: self-signed certificate in certificate chain

解决方案：

这个错误是由于 SSL 证书验证失败导致的。SSL 证书验证用于确保与服务器建立的连接是安全和可信的。

在这种情况下，错误消息中提到了 “certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain”，这意味着服务器使用的是自签名证书，而不是由受信任的证书颁发机构（CA）签署的证书。

由于之前未接触过证书相关内容，这里我选择暂时忽略证书验证错误。

NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED=0解决办法：https://developer.aliyun.com/article/1341433

Windows 环境下设置环境变量，使用 set 语法，命名后不加空格，直接附上两个 &&, 然后空格，跟上新的命令。

设置变量后再执行 elasticdump 操作。

set NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED=0

node D:\software\nodejs\node_global\node_modules\elasticdump\bin\elasticdump --input=https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test --output=/data/my_index_mapping.json --type=mapping

成功：

Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | starting dump
(node:30260) Warning: Setting the NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED environment variable to '0' makes TLS connections and HTTPS requests insecure by disabling certificate verification.
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | got 1 objects from source elasticsearch (offset: 0)
Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | sent 1 objects to destination file, wrote 1
Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | got 0 objects from source elasticsearch (offset: 1)
Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | Total Writes: 1
Tue, 03 Dec 2024 06:53:18 GMT | dump complete

这里注意，导出文件目录需要提前创建，否则会报异常。

导出整个索引：

node D:\software\nodejs\node_global\node_modules\elasticdump\bin\elasticdump --input=https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test --output==D:\elasticdump\user_test_data_dump.json --type=data

导入并覆盖索引数据：

node D:\software\nodejs\node_global\node_modules\elasticdump\bin\elasticdump --input=D:\my_data.json --output==https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test --type=data --overwrite

导入过程中遇到报错如下图：

报错信息如下：

{
  _index: 'user_test',
  _id: 'MmJ_vJIBBoiadQhNyziv',
  status: 500,
  error: {
    type: 'not_x_content_exception',
    reason: 'Compressor detection can only be called on some xcontent bytes or compressed xcontent bytes'
  }

解决方案：https://blog.csdn.net/star1210644725/article/details/134254334

原因是导入的JSON数据格式不对
当前 json文件内容：

{"index":{}}
{"id":"B0IAFZ9FOC","name":"小鹏汽车汽车充电站(三沙永兴港务综合楼小鹏20kW目的地站)","type":"","type_code":"11100","address":"永兴岛机场路永兴港务综合楼地面停车场","province_name":"海南省","province_code":"460000","city_name":"三沙","city_code":"289","distrcit_name":"西沙区","district_code":"460301","geopoint_gcj02":"16.833967,112.34004","geopoint_bd09":"16.840137798581825,112.34653419459671","geopoint_wgs84":"16.835594173343946,112.33512523956057"}

修改后 json文件内容：

{"_index":"user_test","_id":"kWJbvJIBBoiadQhNBzfq","_score":1,"_source":{"id":"B0IAFZ9FOC","name":"小鹏汽车汽车充电站(三沙永兴港务综合楼小鹏20kW目的地站)","type":"","type_code":"11100","address":"永兴岛机场路永兴港务综合楼地面停车场","province_name":"海南省","province_code":"460000","city_name":"三沙","city_code":"289","distrcit_name":"西沙区","district_code":"460301","geopoint_gcj02":"16.833967,112.34004","geopoint_bd09":"16.840137798581825,112.34653419459671","geopoint_wgs84":"16.835594173343946,112.33512523956057"}}

再次导入，成功

C:\Windows\system32>node D:\software\nodejs\node_global\node_modules\elasticdump\bin\elasticdump --input=D:\elasticdump\my_index_data.json --output=https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test --type=data --overwrite

Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:48 GMT | starting dump
Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:48 GMT | got 23 objects from source file (offset: 0)
(node:2820) Warning: Setting the NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED environment variable to '0' makes TLS connections and HTTPS requests insecure by disabling certificate verification.
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:49 GMT | sent 23 objects to destination elasticsearch, wrote 23
Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:49 GMT | got 0 objects from source file (offset: 23)
Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:49 GMT | Total Writes: 23
Thu, 24 Oct 2024 03:11:49 GMT | dump complete

Reference

https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/zh/es/use-cases/use-elasticsearch-dump-to-migrate-data

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/snapshot-restore.html

ElasticSearch 实战：使用elasticdump导出导入数据](https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33240556/article/details/137261150))

对数据文件内容格式有特殊限制，个人感觉更适合用于ES迁移到ES。

Snapshot and restore

快照可以对正在运行的 ElasticSearch 集群进行备份。

快照可以做一下事情：

定期备份数据，不用停止 ElasticSearch 运行；
在删除数据或机器故障后恢复数据；
在不同的集群间转移数据；
降低存储成本。

快照工作流

Elasticsearch 将快照存储在一个被称为快照存储库的集群外部存储位置。在拍摄快照或恢复数据前必须在 ElasticSearch 集群中注册这个快照仓库。Elasticsearch 支持多种云存储库类型，包括：

亚马逊网络服务 S3
谷歌云存储（GCS）
微软 Azure

注册快照存储库后，我们可以使用快照生命周期管理（SLM）自动拍摄和管理快照。之后我们可以恢复或者转移数据。

Elasticsearch的快照和恢复功能是一种备份及恢复索引数据的方法，可保护数据免于意外丢失或受到系统故障的影响。

ElasticSearch 将快照存储到快照仓库里。在你可以进行快照拍摄或恢复之前，你必须在集群上注册一个快照存储库。

快照操作步骤

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/snapshot-restore.html

使用创建快照 API。快照名称支持日期数学。

创建快照

注册快照，将文件系统的路径或父目录添加到每个 ElasticSearch 节点的 <font style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">elasticsearch.yml</font> 文件中的 <font style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);">path.repo</font>设置中

path:
  repo:
    - /www/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-8.15.2/backup

注册仓库指定文件路径

PUT /_snapshot/my_backup
{
    "type": "fs",
    "settings": {
        "location": "/www/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-8.15.2/backup"
    }
}

响应结果：

{
  "acknowledged": true
}

创造前置模拟条件，构造几条数据。

PUT /snapshot_test

POST /_bulk
{ "index" : { "_index" : "snapshot_test", "_id" : "1" } }
{ "field1" : "value1" }
{ "delete" : { "_index" : "snapshot_test", "_id" : "2" } }
{ "create" : { "_index" : "snapshot_test", "_id" : "3" } }
{ "field1" : "value3" }
{ "update" : {"_id" : "1", "_index" : "snapshot_test"} }
{ "doc" : {"field2" : "value2"} }

拍摄快照
1. 全量备份，即创建整个集群的快照、

PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_cluster?wait_for_completion=true

2. 按需备份

PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_test?wait_for_completion=true
{
    "indices": "snapshot_*",
    "ignore_unanailablt": true,
    "include_global_state": false,
    "metedata": {
        "taken_by": "mingyi",
        "taken_because": "backup before upgrading"
    }
}

{
    "snapshot": {
        "snapshot": "my_backup",
        "uuid": "V2teco__TtK8PvhFbPCz5w",
        "version_id": 7040299,
        "version": "7.4.2",
        "indices": [
            "my_backup"
        ],
        "include_global_state": false,
        "state": "SUCCESS",
        "start_time": "2024-12-02T16:24:04.841Z",
        "start_time_in_millis": 1733156644841,
        "end_time": "2024-12-02T16:24:05.043Z",
        "end_time_in_millis": 1733156645043,
        "duration_in_millis": 202,
        "failures": [],
        "shards": {
            "total": 1,
            "failed": 0,
            "successful": 1
        }
    }
}

恢复快照

为了保护集群安全，Elasticsearch 8.X版本不再默认选择批量删除索引。如果需要进行该操作，可以使用以下命令行开启批量操作功能。

POST /_snapshot/{快照仓库名}/{索引名}/_restore

快照常见操作

# 查看快照库
GET /_snapshot?pretty

# 查看所有快照存储库
GET /_snapshot/_all

# 查看快照状态
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_test/_status

# 删除快照
DELETE /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_test

遇到问题

Docker 内执行请求报错：

{
    "error": {
        "root_cause": [
            {
                "type": "exception",
                "reason": "failed to create blob container"
            }
        ],
        "type": "exception",
        "reason": "failed to create blob container",
        "caused_by": {
            "type": "access_denied_exception",
            "reason": "/www/elasticsearch/backup/tests-asrNlJfrQqy9DGEe2OkXoA"
        }
    },
    "status": 500
}

进入容器内执行如下命令后再请求，正常。

chown -R elasticsearch /www/elasticsearch/backup

bulk api

curl -H 'Content-Type: application/x-ndjson'  -s -XPOST localhost:9200/_bulk --data-binary @accounts.json

使用

准备索引文件：

{"id":"5829F807-7A3C-4E1B-8DB1-5F938DEAAE64","province":"辽宁省","city":"沈阳市","district":"大东区","land_name":"东至:用地界线南至:用地界线及山嘴子路北侧道路红线西至:东望街东侧道路红线北至:用地界线","usage_level":"工业用地","public_notice_number":"沈土网挂[2024]13号","data_source":"中国土地市场网","data_source_url":"https://www.landchina.com/#/landDetail?id=gyggzd5140a162-7896-444b-93b4-121ac355b11b&type=高级搜索&path=出让公告","crawl_time":"2024-07-31 15:30:24"}
{"id":"0005E5AD-2311-49E4-B8D0-F930643677A2","province":"辽宁省","city":"沈阳市","district":"苏家屯区","land_name":"东至:用地界线西至:18米规划路东侧道路红线南至:四环路北侧规划绿线北至:18米规划路南侧道路红线","usage_level":"其它用地","public_notice_number":"沈土网挂[2024]14号","data_source":"中国土地市场网","data_source_url":"https://www.landchina.com/#/landSupplyDetail?id=gygg1e19375c-103f-40d6-ba4d-982329b2f542&type=出让公告&path=0","crawl_time":"2024-08-06 14:31:35"}

调用接口

curl -H 'Content-Type: application/x-ndjson' -XPOST https://elastic:r9wUensJ6tO3Wv1A*Wnn@192.168.2.131:9200/user_test/_bulk --data-binary @D:\index_data.json

响应结果：

curl: (6) Could not resolve host: application
curl: (60) schannel: SEC_E_UNTRUSTED_ROOT (0x80090325) - 证书链是由不受信任的颁发机构颁发的。
More details here: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html

解决方案：https://wenku.csdn.net/answer/4cp3ucvbbu

再次请求：

curl -k -H "Content-Type: application/x-ndjson" -H "Authorization: ApiKey VVZlZWo1SUJyN3VPRWVRb0dfUkc6REhBYXVjbkFTcEdKRUpKT2MxeFp6Zw==" -X POST "https://192.168.2.131:9200/user_test/_bulk"  --data-binary @D:\index_data.json

{
    "error": {
        "root_cause": [
            {
                "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
                "reason": "Malformed action/metadata line [1], expected field [create], [delete], [index] or [update] but found [id]"
            }
        ],
        "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
        "reason": "Malformed action/metadata line [1], expected field [create], [delete], [index] or [update] but found [id]"
    },
    "status": 400
}

原因是 json 文件格式不正确，修改格式为（切记最后要留一个空行）：

{ "index": {} }
{"id":"5829F807-7A3C-4E1B-8DB1-5F938DEAAE64","province":"辽宁省","city":"沈阳市","district":"大东区","land_name":"东至:用地界线南至:用地界线及山嘴子路北侧道路红线西至:东望街东侧道路红线北至:用地界线","usage_level":"工业用地","public_notice_number":"沈土网挂[2024]13号","data_source":"中国土地市场网","data_source_url":"https://www.landchina.com/#/landDetail?id=gyggzd5140a162-7896-444b-93b4-121ac355b11b&type=高级搜索&path=出让公告","crawl_time":"2024-07-31 15:30:24"}
{ "index": {} }
{"id":"0005E5AD-2311-49E4-B8D0-F930643677A2","province":"辽宁省","city":"沈阳市","district":"苏家屯区","land_name":"东至:用地界线西至:18米规划路东侧道路红线南至:四环路北侧规划绿线北至:18米规划路南侧道路红线","usage_level":"其它用地","public_notice_number":"沈土网挂[2024]14号","data_source":"中国土地市场网","data_source_url":"https://www.landchina.com/#/landSupplyDetail?id=gygg1e19375c-103f-40d6-ba4d-982329b2f542&type=出让公告&path=0","crawl_time":"2024-08-06 14:31:35"}

再次执行请求，结果如下：

{
    "errors": false,
    "took": 0,
    "items": [
        {
            "index": {
                "_index": "user_test",
                "_id": "05jPi5MBRvkzqTvFLXbX",
                "_version": 1,
                "result": "created",
                "_shards": {
                    "total": 2,
                    "successful": 1,
                    "failed": 0
                },
                "_seq_no": 2,
                "_primary_term": 1,
                "status": 201
            }
        },
        {
            "index": {
                "_index": "user_test",
                "_id": "1JjPi5MBRvkzqTvFLXbX",
                "_version": 1,
                "result": "created",
                "_shards": {
                    "total": 2,
                    "successful": 1,
                    "failed": 0
                },
                "_seq_no": 3,
                "_primary_term": 1,
                "status": 201
            }
        }
    ]
}

Reference

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/docs-bulk.html

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/java-api-client/current/indexing-bulk.html

Postman方式：https://blog.csdn.net/SevenBerry/article/details/124873987

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