1月第四讲:Java Web学生自习管理系统
一、项目背景与需求分析
随着网络技术的不断发展和学校规模的扩大,学生自习管理系统的需求日益增加。传统的自习管理方式存在效率低下、资源浪费等问题,因此,开发一个智能化的学生自习管理系统显得尤为重要。该系统旨在提高自习室的利用率和管理效率,为学生提供方便快捷的自习预约服务,同时为管理员提供高效的资源管理工具。
系统的主要功能需求包括:
1.用户管理:管理员和学生的注册、登录。
2.自习室管理:自习室类型、座位信息的录入和查询。
3.座位预约:学生预约自习室座位、查看预约状态和历史记录。
4.管理员操作:管理员查看预约情况、管理资源分配。
二、技术选型与架构设计
1.技术选型:
- 前端:HTML、CSS、JavaScript,用于创建用户界面。
- 后端:Java(JDK 1.8),Servlet,JSP,JDBC,用于处理业务逻辑和数据库交互。
- 数据库:MySQL,用于存储用户信息和自习室资源数据。
- 服务器:Apache Tomcat,用于部署和运行Web应用。
- 开发工具:IntelliJ IDEA 或 Eclipse,用于编写和调试代码。
2.架构设计:
三层架构:
- 表示层:JSP/HTML 作为前台与用户交互,Servlet 用于控制跳转和调用业务逻辑层。
- 业务逻辑层:处理业务逻辑,调用数据访问层。
- 数据访问层:与数据库交互,封装数据库操作。
三、数据库设计
1.用户表(users):存储用户信息。
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
password VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
role VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL CHECK (role IN ('student', 'admin'))
);
2.自习室表(study_rooms):存储自习室信息。
CREATE TABLE study_rooms (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
room_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
capacity INT NOT NULL
);
3.座位表(seats):存储座位信息。
CREATE TABLE seats (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
room_id INT NOT NULL,
status VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL CHECK (status IN ('available', 'booked')),
FOREIGN KEY (room_id) REFERENCES study_rooms(id)
);
4.预约表(reservations):存储预约信息。
CREATE TABLE reservations (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
user_id INT NOT NULL,
seat_id INT NOT NULL,
start_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
end_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id),
FOREIGN KEY (seat_id) REFERENCES seats(id)
);
四、后端实现
1.数据库连接工具类(DBUtil.java):
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class DBUtil {
private static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/study_management";
private static final String DB_USER = "root";
private static final String DB_PASSWORD = "your_password";
private static Connection connection = null;
static {
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
connection = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static Connection getConnection() {
return connection;
}
// 其他数据库操作方法(增删改查)
}
2.数据访问层(DAO):
-
UserDao.java:
import java.sql.*; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class UserDao { public boolean registerUser(String username, String password, String role) { String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, password, role) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"; try (PreparedStatement pst = DBUtil.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql)) { pst.setString(1, username); pst.setString(2, password); pst.setString(3, role); return pst.executeUpdate() > 0; } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return false; } } // 其他方法(登录、查询用户等) }
-
StudyRoomDao.java 和 SeatDao.java 以及 ReservationDao.java 的实现类似,包含各自的增删改查方法。
3.业务逻辑层(Service):
-
UserService.java:
public class UserService { public boolean register(String username, String password, String role) { return UserDao.registerUser(username, password, role); } // 其他方法(登录验证、查询用户信息等) }
-
StudyRoomService.java、SeatService.java 和 ReservationService.java 类似,包含各自的业务逻辑处理。
4. Servlet:
-
RegisterServlet.java:
import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.IOException; public class RegisterServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String username = request.getParameter("username"); String password = request.getParameter("password"); String role = request.getParameter("role"); boolean isRegistered = UserService.register(username, password, role); if (isRegistered) { response.sendRedirect("login.jsp"); } else { request.setAttribute("error", "Registration failed!"); request.getRequestDispatcher("register.jsp").forward(request, response); } } // 其他方法(登录Servlet、预约Servlet等) }
5. JDBC工具类
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class JDBCUtils {
private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/StudyManagementSystem?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC";
private static final String USER = "root";
private static final String PASSWORD = "your_password"; // 请替换为您的数据库密码
public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
return DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASSWORD);
}
}
6. Servlet示例:添加学生
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
@WebServlet("/addStudent")
public class AddStudentServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String major = request.getParameter("major");
int grade = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("grade"));
String phone = request.getParameter("phone");
String sql = "INSERT INTO Student (name, major, grade, phone) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
try (Connection conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
pstmt.setString(1, name);
pstmt.setString(2, major);
pstmt.setInt(3, grade);
pstmt.setString(4, phone);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
response.sendRedirect("students.jsp"); // 重定向到学生列表页面
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
request.setAttribute("error", "添加学生失败,请稍后再试!");
request.getRequestDispatcher("addStudent.jsp").forward(request, response);
}
}
}
7. JSP页面示例:添加学生页面
<!-- addStudent.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>添加学生</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>添加学生</h2>
<form action="addStudent" method="post">
姓名: <input type="text" name="name" required><br>
专业: <input type="text" name="major" required><br>
年级: <input type="number" name="grade" required><br>
电话: <input type="text" name="phone" required><br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
<c:if test="${not empty error}">
<p style="color:red;">${error}</p>
</c:if>
</body>
</html>
注意:为了使用JSP标签库(如<c:if>
),您需要在JSP页面顶部添加以下指令:
jsp复制代码
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
并且,您需要在项目的WEB-INF/lib
目录下添加JSTL库(如jstl-1.2.jar
)。
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五、前端实现
1.注册页面(register.jsp):
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Register</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Register</h1>
<form action="RegisterServlet" method="post">
Username: <input type="text" name="username" required><br>
Password: <input type="password" name="password" required><br>
Role: <select name="role">
<option value="student">Student</option>
<option value="admin">Admin</option>
</select><br>
<button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>
<c:if test="${not empty error}">
<p style="color:red">${error}</p>
</c:if>
</body>
</html>
2.登录页面(login.jsp)
登录页面(login.jsp)** 和 其他页面(如自习室管理页面、座位预约页面等)类似,通过表单提交数据到相应的Servlet进行处理。
(1)项目结构
假设项目结构如下:
MyWebApp/
│
├── src/
│ ├── main/
│ │ ├── java/
│ │ │ └── com/
│ │ │ └── example/
│ │ │ ├── controller/
│ │ │ │ ├── LoginServlet.java
│ │ │ │ ├── StudyRoomServlet.java
│ │ │ │ └── SeatReservationServlet.java
│ │ │ └── model/
│ │ │ └── User.java
│ │ └── webapp/
│ │ ├── WEB-INF/
│ │ │ ├── web.xml
│ │ └──
│ │ ├── login.jsp
│ │ ├── studyRoom.jsp
│ │ └── seatReservation.jsp
(2) User
模型类
首先,定义一个简单的User
类来表示用户信息。
// src/main/java/com/example/model/User.java
package com.example.model;
public class User {
private String username;
private String password;
// Getters and Setters
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
}
(3)登录页面 (login.jsp
)
创建一个简单的登录页面。
<!-- src/main/webapp/login.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Login</h2>
<form action="login" method="post">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required><br><br>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>
<p>Or go to <a href="studyRoom.jsp">Study Room Management</a> or <a href="seatReservation.jsp">Seat Reservation</a> (without login).</p>
</body>
</html>
(4)登录处理Servlet (LoginServlet.java
)
处理登录表单提交的Servlet。
// src/main/java/com/example/controller/LoginServlet.java
package com.example.controller;
import com.example.model.User;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/login")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username = request.getParameter("username");
String password = request.getParameter("password");
// Simple hard-coded authentication for demo purposes
if ("admin".equals(username) && "password123".equals(password)) {
User user = new User();
user.setUsername(username);
user.setPassword(password);
request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user);
response.sendRedirect("studyRoom.jsp");
} else {
response.sendRedirect("login.jsp?error=true");
}
}
}
(5)自习室管理页面 (studyRoom.jsp
)
显示自习室管理页面(假设用户已登录)。
<!-- src/main/webapp/studyRoom.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Study Room Management</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Study Room Management</h2>
<%
if (session.getAttribute("user") == null) {
response.sendRedirect("login.jsp");
return;
}
%>
<p>Welcome, <%= session.getAttribute("user").getUsername() %>!</p>
<p>This is where you can manage study rooms.</p>
<a href="logout">Logout</a>
</body>
</html>
JSP 复制 全屏
(6)座位预约页面 (seatReservation.jsp
)
显示座位预约页面(假设用户未登录也可访问)。
<!-- src/main/webapp/seatReservation.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Seat Reservation</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Seat Reservation</h2>
<p>You can reserve a seat here.</p>
<%
if (session.getAttribute("user") != null) {
out.println("<p>Logged in as: " + session.getAttribute("user").getUsername() + "</p>");
} else {
out.println("<p>You are not logged in. <a href='login.jsp'>Login</a> to see more options.</p>");
}
%>
<a href="login.jsp">Login</a>
</body>
</html>
(7)注销处理Servlet (LogoutServlet.java
)
处理用户注销的Servlet(未包含在代码中,但可以通过添加一个新的Servlet实现)。