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JavaScript系列（48）-- 3D渲染引擎实现详解

article 2025/1/30 18:13:23

JavaScript 3D渲染引擎实现详解 🎮

今天，让我们深入探讨JavaScript的3D渲染引擎实现。通过WebGL和现代JavaScript技术，我们可以构建一个功能完整的3D渲染系统。

3D渲染基础概念 🌟

💡 小知识：3D渲染引擎的核心是将三维场景转换为二维图像的过程。这涉及到场景图管理、几何变换、光照计算、材质渲染等多个方面。通过WebGL，我们可以直接访问GPU，实现高性能的3D渲染。

基本实现 📊

// 1. 渲染引擎核心
class Engine3D {
    constructor(canvas) {
        this.canvas = canvas;
        this.gl = canvas.getContext('webgl2');
        
        if (!this.gl) {
            throw new Error('WebGL2 not supported');
        }
        
        this.scene = new Scene();
        this.camera = new Camera();
        this.renderer = new Renderer(this.gl);
        
        this.initGL();
    }
    
    // 初始化WebGL上下文
    initGL() {
        this.gl.enable(this.gl.DEPTH_TEST);
        this.gl.enable(this.gl.CULL_FACE);
        this.gl.cullFace(this.gl.BACK);
    }
    
    // 设置视口大小
    setViewport(width, height) {
        this.canvas.width = width;
        this.canvas.height = height;
        this.gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
        this.camera.updateAspect(width / height);
    }
    
    // 渲染循环
    render() {
        this.gl.clear(this.gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | this.gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
        this.renderer.render(this.scene, this.camera);
    }
}

// 2. 场景管理
class Scene {
    constructor() {
        this.objects = [];
        this.lights = [];
    }
    
    // 添加对象
    add(object) {
        if (object.isLight) {
            this.lights.push(object);
        } else {
            this.objects.push(object);
        }
        object.parent = this;
    }
    
    // 移除对象
    remove(object) {
        const array = object.isLight ? this.lights : this.objects;
        const index = array.indexOf(object);
        if (index !== -1) {
            array.splice(index, 1);
            object.parent = null;
        }
    }
    
    // 遍历场景
    traverse(callback) {
        this.objects.forEach(object => {
            callback(object);
            if (object.children) {
                object.traverse(callback);
            }
        });
    }
}

// 3. 相机系统
class Camera {
    constructor() {
        this.position = new Vector3(0, 0, 5);
        this.target = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
        this.up = new Vector3(0, 1, 0);
        
        this.fov = 45;
        this.aspect = 1;
        this.near = 0.1;
        this.far = 1000;
        
        this.updateProjectionMatrix();
        this.updateViewMatrix();
    }
    
    // 更新投影矩阵
    updateProjectionMatrix() {
        this.projectionMatrix = Matrix4.perspective(
            this.fov,
            this.aspect,
            this.near,
            this.far
        );
    }
    
    // 更新视图矩阵
    updateViewMatrix() {
        this.viewMatrix = Matrix4.lookAt(
            this.position,
            this.target,
            this.up
        );
    }
    
    // 更新相机位置
    lookAt(target) {
        this.target.copy(target);
        this.updateViewMatrix();
    }
}

高级功能实现 🚀

// 1. 几何体系统
class Geometry {
    constructor() {
        this.vertices = [];
        this.indices = [];
        this.normals = [];
        this.uvs = [];
        
        this.vertexBuffer = null;
        this.indexBuffer = null;
        this.normalBuffer = null;
        this.uvBuffer = null;
    }
    
    // 设置顶点数据
    setVertices(vertices) {
        this.vertices = vertices;
        this.updateVertexBuffer();
    }
    
    // 设置索引数据
    setIndices(indices) {
        this.indices = indices;
        this.updateIndexBuffer();
    }
    
    // 计算法线
    computeNormals() {
        this.normals = new Array(this.vertices.length);
        
        for (let i = 0; i < this.indices.length; i += 3) {
            const i1 = this.indices[i];
            const i2 = this.indices[i + 1];
            const i3 = this.indices[i + 2];
            
            const v1 = new Vector3().fromArray(this.vertices, i1 * 3);
            const v2 = new Vector3().fromArray(this.vertices, i2 * 3);
            const v3 = new Vector3().fromArray(this.vertices, i3 * 3);
            
            const normal = Vector3.cross(
                Vector3.subtract(v2, v1),
                Vector3.subtract(v3, v1)
            ).normalize();
            
            this.normals[i1] = normal;
            this.normals[i2] = normal;
            this.normals[i3] = normal;
        }
        
        this.updateNormalBuffer();
    }
}

// 2. 材质系统
class Material {
    constructor() {
        this.uniforms = {
            diffuseColor: new Vector3(1, 1, 1),
            specularColor: new Vector3(1, 1, 1),
            shininess: 32.0,
            opacity: 1.0
        };
        
        this.vertexShader = null;
        this.fragmentShader = null;
        this.program = null;
    }
    
    // 编译着色器
    compile(gl) {
        const vertexShader = this.compileShader(
            gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, this.vertexShader
        );
        const fragmentShader = this.compileShader(
            gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, this.fragmentShader
        );
        
        this.program = gl.createProgram();
        gl.attachShader(this.program, vertexShader);
        gl.attachShader(this.program, fragmentShader);
        gl.linkProgram(this.program);
        
        if (!gl.getProgramParameter(this.program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
            throw new Error('Program linking failed: ' + 
                          gl.getProgramInfoLog(this.program));
        }
    }
    
    // 编译单个着色器
    compileShader(gl, type, source) {
        const shader = gl.createShader(type);
        gl.shaderSource(shader, source);
        gl.compileShader(shader);
        
        if (!gl.getShaderParameter(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
            throw new Error('Shader compilation failed: ' + 
                          gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));
        }
        
        return shader;
    }
}

// 3. 光照系统
class Light {
    constructor() {
        this.isLight = true;
        this.color = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
        this.intensity = 1.0;
    }
}

class DirectionalLight extends Light {
    constructor() {
        super();
        this.direction = new Vector3(0, -1, 0);
    }
}

class PointLight extends Light {
    constructor() {
        super();
        this.position = new Vector3();
        this.distance = 0;
        this.decay = 1;
    }
}

实际应用场景 💼

// 1. 3D模型加载器
class ModelLoader {
    constructor(engine) {
        this.engine = engine;
    }
    
    // 加载OBJ格式模型
    async loadOBJ(url) {
        const response = await fetch(url);
        const text = await response.text();
        
        const vertices = [];
        const normals = [];
        const uvs = [];
        const indices = [];
        
        const lines = text.split('\n');
        
        for (const line of lines) {
            const parts = line.trim().split(/\s+/);
            
            switch (parts[0]) {
                case 'v':  // 顶点
                    vertices.push(
                        parseFloat(parts[1]),
                        parseFloat(parts[2]),
                        parseFloat(parts[3])
                    );
                    break;
                    
                case 'vn':  // 法线
                    normals.push(
                        parseFloat(parts[1]),
                        parseFloat(parts[2]),
                        parseFloat(parts[3])
                    );
                    break;
                    
                case 'vt':  // 纹理坐标
                    uvs.push(
                        parseFloat(parts[1]),
                        parseFloat(parts[2])
                    );
                    break;
                    
                case 'f':  // 面
                    for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
                        const vertexData = parts[i].split('/');
                        indices.push(parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1);
                    }
                    break;
            }
        }
        
        const geometry = new Geometry();
        geometry.setVertices(vertices);
        geometry.setIndices(indices);
        
        if (normals.length > 0) {
            geometry.normals = normals;
        } else {
            geometry.computeNormals();
        }
        
        if (uvs.length > 0) {
            geometry.uvs = uvs;
        }
        
        return geometry;
    }
}

// 2. 动画系统
class AnimationSystem {
    constructor() {
        this.animations = new Map();
        this.currentTime = 0;
    }
    
    // 添加关键帧动画
    addKeyframeAnimation(name, keyframes) {
        this.animations.set(name, {
            keyframes,
            duration: keyframes[keyframes.length - 1].time
        });
    }
    
    // 更新动画
    update(deltaTime) {
        this.currentTime += deltaTime;
        
        for (const [name, animation] of this.animations) {
            const time = this.currentTime % animation.duration;
            
            // 查找当前关键帧
            let frame1, frame2;
            for (let i = 0; i < animation.keyframes.length - 1; i++) {
                if (time >= animation.keyframes[i].time && 
                    time < animation.keyframes[i + 1].time) {
                    frame1 = animation.keyframes[i];
                    frame2 = animation.keyframes[i + 1];
                    break;
                }
            }
            
            if (frame1 && frame2) {
                const t = (time - frame1.time) / 
                         (frame2.time - frame1.time);
                this.interpolate(frame1, frame2, t);
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 插值计算
    interpolate(frame1, frame2, t) {
        // 实现关键帧插值
        return {
            position: Vector3.lerp(frame1.position, frame2.position, t),
            rotation: Quaternion.slerp(frame1.rotation, frame2.rotation, t),
            scale: Vector3.lerp(frame1.scale, frame2.scale, t)
        };
    }
}

// 3. 物理系统
class PhysicsSystem {
    constructor() {
        this.objects = [];
        this.gravity = new Vector3(0, -9.81, 0);
    }
    
    // 添加物理对象
    addObject(object, mass = 1) {
        this.objects.push({
            object,
            mass,
            velocity: new Vector3(),
            acceleration: new Vector3()
        });
    }
    
    // 更新物理
    update(deltaTime) {
        for (const obj of this.objects) {
            // 应用重力
            obj.acceleration.add(this.gravity);
            
            // 更新速度
            obj.velocity.add(
                Vector3.multiply(obj.acceleration, deltaTime)
            );
            
            // 更新位置
            obj.object.position.add(
                Vector3.multiply(obj.velocity, deltaTime)
            );
            
            // 重置加速度
            obj.acceleration.set(0, 0, 0);
        }
        
        // 碰撞检测
        this.detectCollisions();
    }
    
    // 碰撞检测
    detectCollisions() {
        for (let i = 0; i < this.objects.length; i++) {
            for (let j = i + 1; j < this.objects.length; j++) {
                const obj1 = this.objects[i];
                const obj2 = this.objects[j];
                
                if (this.checkCollision(obj1, obj2)) {
                    this.resolveCollision(obj1, obj2);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

性能优化技巧 ⚡

// 1. 渲染优化
class RenderOptimizer {
    constructor(engine) {
        this.engine = engine;
        this.frustumCuller = new FrustumCuller();
        this.occlusionCuller = new OcclusionCuller();
    }
    
    // 视锥体剔除
    cullFrustum(scene, camera) {
        this.frustumCuller.updateFrustum(camera);
        
        return scene.objects.filter(object => 
            this.frustumCuller.isVisible(object)
        );
    }
    
    // 遮挡剔除
    cullOcclusion(objects) {
        return this.occlusionCuller.getVisibleObjects(objects);
    }
    
    // LOD管理
    updateLOD(objects, camera) {
        for (const object of objects) {
            if (object.lod) {
                const distance = Vector3.distance(
                    object.position,
                    camera.position
                );
                object.updateLOD(distance);
            }
        }
    }
}

// 2. 内存管理
class ResourceManager {
    constructor() {
        this.geometries = new Map();
        this.textures = new Map();
        this.materials = new Map();
    }
    
    // 加载几何体
    async loadGeometry(url) {
        if (this.geometries.has(url)) {
            return this.geometries.get(url);
        }
        
        const loader = new ModelLoader();
        const geometry = await loader.loadOBJ(url);
        this.geometries.set(url, geometry);
        
        return geometry;
    }
    
    // 加载纹理
    async loadTexture(url) {
        if (this.textures.has(url)) {
            return this.textures.get(url);
        }
        
        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
            const image = new Image();
            image.onload = () => {
                const texture = new Texture(image);
                this.textures.set(url, texture);
                resolve(texture);
            };
            image.onerror = reject;
            image.src = url;
        });
    }
    
    // 释放资源
    unload(url) {
        if (this.geometries.has(url)) {
            const geometry = this.geometries.get(url);
            geometry.dispose();
            this.geometries.delete(url);
        }
        
        if (this.textures.has(url)) {
            const texture = this.textures.get(url);
            texture.dispose();
            this.textures.delete(url);
        }
    }
}

// 3. 渲染批处理
class BatchRenderer {
    constructor(gl) {
        this.gl = gl;
        this.batches = new Map();
    }
    
    // 添加到批次
    addToBatch(object) {
        const key = this.getBatchKey(object);
        
        if (!this.batches.has(key)) {
            this.batches.set(key, {
                objects: [],
                vertices: [],
                indices: []
            });
        }
        
        const batch = this.batches.get(key);
        batch.objects.push(object);
        
        // 合并几何数据
        this.mergeGeometry(batch, object);
    }
    
    // 获取批次键
    getBatchKey(object) {
        return `${object.material.id}_${object.geometry.id}`;
    }
    
    // 合并几何数据
    mergeGeometry(batch, object) {
        const geometry = object.geometry;
        const baseVertex = batch.vertices.length / 3;
        
        // 添加顶点
        batch.vertices.push(...geometry.vertices);
        
        // 添加索引
        for (const index of geometry.indices) {
            batch.indices.push(index + baseVertex);
        }
    }
    
    // 渲染批次
    render() {
        for (const batch of this.batches.values()) {
            if (batch.objects.length === 0) continue;
            
            // 使用第一个对象的材质
            const material = batch.objects[0].material;
            material.use(this.gl);
            
            // 渲染合并后的几何体
            this.renderBatch(batch);
        }
    }
}

最佳实践建议 💡

  1. 性能优化策略
// 1. 渲染状态管理
class RenderStateManager {
    constructor(gl) {
        this.gl = gl;
        this.currentState = {
            program: null,
            texture: null,
            blending: false
        };
    }
    
    // 设置着色器程序
    useProgram(program) {
        if (this.currentState.program !== program) {
            this.gl.useProgram(program);
            this.currentState.program = program;
        }
    }
    
    // 设置纹理
    bindTexture(texture) {
        if (this.currentState.texture !== texture) {
            this.gl.bindTexture(this.gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
            this.currentState.texture = texture;
        }
    }
    
    // 设置混合
    setBlending(enable) {
        if (this.currentState.blending !== enable) {
            if (enable) {
                this.gl.enable(this.gl.BLEND);
            } else {
                this.gl.disable(this.gl.BLEND);
            }
            this.currentState.blending = enable;
        }
    }
}

// 2. 着色器管理
class ShaderManager {
    constructor() {
        this.shaders = new Map();
    }
    
    // 注册着色器
    register(name, vertexSource, fragmentSource) {
        this.shaders.set(name, {
            vertex: vertexSource,
            fragment: fragmentSource
        });
    }
    
    // 获取着色器
    get(name) {
        return this.shaders.get(name);
    }
    
    // 编译着色器
    compile(gl, name) {
        const shader = this.get(name);
        if (!shader) return null;
        
        const program = new ShaderProgram(gl);
        program.compile(shader.vertex, shader.fragment);
        
        return program;
    }
}

// 3. 调试工具
class DebugTools {
    constructor(engine) {
        this.engine = engine;
        this.stats = {
            drawCalls: 0,
            vertices: 0,
            triangles: 0
        };
    }
    
    // 开始性能分析
    beginProfile() {
        this.stats.drawCalls = 0;
        this.stats.vertices = 0;
        this.stats.triangles = 0;
    }
    
    // 记录绘制调用
    recordDrawCall(vertices, triangles) {
        this.stats.drawCalls++;
        this.stats.vertices += vertices;
        this.stats.triangles += triangles;
    }
    
    // 获取性能报告
    getStats() {
        return {
            ...this.stats,
            fps: this.calculateFPS()
        };
    }
    
    // 显示调试信息
    showDebugInfo() {
        const stats = this.getStats();
        console.log(`
            FPS: ${stats.fps}
            Draw Calls: ${stats.drawCalls}
            Vertices: ${stats.vertices}
            Triangles: ${stats.triangles}
        `);
    }
}

结语 📝

JavaScript的3D渲染引擎实现是一个复杂但有趣的主题。通过本文，我们学习了：

  1. 3D渲染引擎的基本架构和实现
  2. 场景管理和相机系统
  3. 几何体、材质和光照系统
  4. 动画和物理系统
  5. 性能优化技巧和最佳实践

💡 学习建议：在实现3D渲染引擎时，要注意性能优化和内存管理。合理使用批处理、剔除和LOD等技术可以显著提升渲染性能。同时，要充分利用WebGL的特性，避免不必要的状态切换。

如果你觉得这篇文章有帮助，欢迎点赞收藏，也期待在评论区看到你的想法和建议！👇

终身学习，共同成长。

咱们下一期见

💻


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