在 debian 12 上安装 mysqlclient 报错

报错如下

Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Collecting mysqlclient
  Using cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/61/68/810093cb579daae426794bbd9d88aa830fae296e85172d18cb0f0e5dd4bc/mysqlclient-2.2.7.tar.gz (91 kB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [29 lines of output]
      Trying pkg-config --exists mysqlclient
      Command 'pkg-config --exists mysqlclient' returned non-zero exit status 1.
      Trying pkg-config --exists mariadb
      Command 'pkg-config --exists mariadb' returned non-zero exit status 1.
      Trying pkg-config --exists libmariadb
      Command 'pkg-config --exists libmariadb' returned non-zero exit status 1.
      Trying pkg-config --exists perconaserverclient
      Command 'pkg-config --exists perconaserverclient' returned non-zero exit status 1.
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 389, in <module>
          main()
        File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 373, in main
          json_out["return_val"] = hook(**hook_input["kwargs"])
                                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 143, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return hook(config_settings)
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 334, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=[])
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 304, in _get_build_requires
          self.run_setup()
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 320, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
        File "<string>", line 156, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 49, in get_config_posix
        File "<string>", line 28, in find_package_name
      Exception: Can not find valid pkg-config name.
      Specify MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS and MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS env vars manually
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

报错原因

在 Debian 12 系统上安装 mysqlclient 报错的原因通常是系统缺少必要的依赖库，无法正确编译 mysqlclient。

解决方案

1. 安装系统依赖

   mysqlclient 需要一些开发库来进行编译和运行，确保安装以下软件包：

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install -y build-essential python3-dev default-libmysqlclient-dev
   

   • build-essential：用于提供 C/C++ 编译器和其他工具。
   • python3-dev：Python 的开发头文件。
   • default-libmysqlclient-dev：MySQL 客户端开发库，提供编译所需的头文件和库。

2. 使用 pip 安装 mysqlclient

   • 确保你的 Python 环境正确，并尝试重新安装 mysqlclient：

     pip install mysqlclient
     

   • 如果你使用的是特定 Python 版本（例如系统中有多个 Python 版本），请确保你使用的是正确的 pip：

     python3 -m pip install mysqlclient
     

3. 检查 MySQL 或 MariaDB 是否已安装（可选）

   • 如果你的项目需要连接到 MySQL 或 MariaDB，请确保数据库已安装并运行。如果尚未安装，可以使用以下命令安装 MySQL 服务器：

     sudo apt install -y mysql-server
     

   • 如果使用 MariaDB：

     sudo apt install -y mariadb-server
     

4. 设置环境变量（如果仍然失败）

   • 如果依然报错提示 Specify MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS and MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS env vars manually，可以手动设置编译环境变量：

     export MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS=$(mysql_config --cflags)
     export MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS=$(mysql_config --libs)
     

   • 然后再次尝试安装：

     pip install mysqlclient
     

5. 使用预编译的二进制包（可选）

   • 如果你的环境不需要编译，从 PyPI 安装预编译的 mysqlclient 二进制包可以避免依赖问题：

     pip install --only-binary :all: mysqlclient
     

6. 确保 Python 环境干净

   • 如果你使用的是 conda 或虚拟环境，建议在干净的环境中重新尝试。例如：

     conda create -n myenv python=3.12
     conda activate myenv
     pip install mysqlclient
     

   • 通过以上步骤，应该可以成功安装 mysqlclient。如果问题仍未解决，可以提供更多信息，我将进一步协助！