1 宾语从句
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定义
- 在主从复合句中充当宾语,位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句。
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引导词
- 综述:
- that(可省略)、if/whether、连接代词(what、which、who、whom、whose 等)和连接副词(when、where、how、why 等)。
- that:无实际意义,在从句中不作成分,常可省略。
- 例如:I think (that) he is right.
- if/whether:表示 “是否”,在从句中不作成分。
- 例如:I don't know if/whether he will come.
- 连接代词(在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等):
- what(什么)
- which(哪一个)
- who(谁)
- whom(谁,宾格)
- whose(谁的)
- 例如
- Do you know what he wants?
- 连接副词(在从句中作状语)
- when(什么时候),
- where(在哪里),
- how(怎样),
- why(为什么)
- 例如
- Can you tell me how I can get to the station?
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语序
- 宾语从句要用陈述语序,即 “主语 + 谓语 + 其他”。例如:
- 错误:Do you know where does he live?
- 正确:Do you know where he lives?
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时态
- 主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况用各种时态。
- 例如:He says (that) he will go to Beijing tomorrow.
- 主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。
- 例如:He said (that) he was reading a book at that time.
- He asked me if I could help him.(“if” 引导宾语从句,作 “asked” 的宾语)
- 从句表示客观真理、科学事实时,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。
- 例如:The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
2 定语从句
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定义
- 在句中作定语,用来修饰一个名词或代词(即先行词)的从句。
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关系词
- 概述
- 关系词包括关系代词(who、whom、whose、which、that)和关系副词(when、where、why)。
- 关系代词在从句中可作主语、宾语、定语等成分,关系副词在从句中作状语。
- 关系代词
- who(指人,作主语或宾语)
- whom(指人,作宾语)
- whose(指人或物,作定语)
- which(指物,作主语或宾语)
- that(指人或物,作主语或宾语)。
- 关系副词:
- when(指时间,在从句中作时间状语)
- where(指地点,在从句中作地点状语)
- why(指原因,在从句中作原因状语)。
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示例
- The man who is standing there is my teacher.(who 指人,在从句中作主语)
- The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.(which 指物,在从句中作宾语)
- I still remember the day when I first met him.(when 指时间,作时间状语)
- This is the house where I lived last year.(where 指地点,作地点状语)
- I like the book that/which is very interesting.(“that/which” 引导定语从句,修饰 “book”,在从句中作主语)
3 状语从句
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定义
- 在复合句中,由从句表示的状语称作状语从句。
- 它可以用来修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
- 根据其表达的含义,状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较等多种类型。
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引导词及分类
- 时间状语从句(when、while、as 等);
- 地点状语从句(where、wherever 等);
- 原因状语从句(because、since、as 等);
- 目的状语从句(so that、in order that 等);
- 结果状语从句(so...that...、such...that... 等);
- 条件状语从句(if、unless 等);
- 让步状语从句(although、though、even though、even if 等)。
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时间状语从句
- since(自从), until(直到)等。
- When I got home, my mother was cooking.(when 引导时间状语从句)
- When I grow up, I want to be a teacher.(“When” 引导时间状语从句)
- before(在…… 之前),
- after(在…… 之后),
- as(当…… 时;一边…… 一边……),
- while(在…… 期间),
- when(当…… 时候),
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地点状语从句
- where(在…… 地方),
- wherever(无论在哪里)等。
- Where there is a will, there is a way.(where 引导地点状语从句)
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原因状语从句
- because(因为),
- since(既然),
- as(由于)等。
- I didn't go to school because I was ill.(because 引导原因状语从句)
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目的状语从句
- so that(以便),
- in order that(为了)等。
- She gets up early so that she can catch the first bus.(so that 引导目的状语从句)
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结果状语从句
- so...that...(如此…… 以至于……),
- such...that...(如此…… 以至于……)等。
- He is so young that he can't go to school.(so...that... 引导结果状语从句)
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条件状语从句
- if(如果),
- unless(除非)等。
- If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(if 引导条件状语从句)
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让步状语从句
- although/though(虽然),
- even though/even if(即使)等。
- Although it was raining hard, he still went to school.(although 引导让步状语从句)
4 主语从句
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定义:在复合句中充当主语的从句
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引导词
- that
- whether
- 连接代词(what、who、which、whose 等)
- 连接副词(when、where、how、why 等)
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示例
- What he said is very important.(“What he said” 是主语从句,作句子的主语)
5 表语从句
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定义:在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后
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引导词
- that
- whether
- as if、as though
- 连接代词(what、who、which、whose 等)
- 连接副词(when、where、how、why 等)。
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示例
- The problem is that we don't have enough money.(“that we don't have enough money” 是表语从句,作 “is” 的表语)