WHAT - 程序员英语之美式发音学习系列（五）

课程介绍

在这个系列中，我们将依次学习如下内容：

1. 【第一阶段】简单入门：自然拼读
2. 【第二阶段】系统学习：音标 + 音节 + 发音技巧 + 节奏语调
3. 【第三阶段】强化训练&反复训练

其中第二阶段是重点，我们将学习：音标、音节、重读音节、浊化现象、闪音（flap t&d)、词尾 s、es 的发音、词尾 ed 的发音、连读：辅音+元音型、连读：r/re+元音型、连读：h击穿音型、连读：元音+元音型、连读：辅音+辅音型、失去爆破、鼻腔爆破、缩读、弱读（功能词）、弱读（缩写）等具体内容。

注意，课程是文字版，具体发音可以通过在线词典（如有道词典）进行发音练习。

【第二阶段】系统学习 - 发音技巧（下）

同化

在较快语速中，前后两个词连续，语音相互影响而产生的语音变化

/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/ + /j/

/t/+/j/=/tf/
Don’t you
Didn’t you
Can’t you
Let you go
Nice to meet you.

/d/+/j/=/dʒ/
What would you like?
Did you like it?
Could you help me?

/s/+/j/=/ʃ/
I miss you.
Bless you.

/z/+/j/=/ʒ/
How was your trip?
How’s your mother?
Who’s your brother?

失去爆破

爆破音：/p/-/b/, /t/-/d/, /k/-/g/

1. 通过口腔中中的某一部位形成障碍，堵住气流
2. 流冲破障碍发声

失去爆破？
只做好堵住气流的动作，然后不让气流爆破出来。即动嘴不出气、动嘴不发音

什么情况下使用？

1. 当爆破音后面遇到其他辅音
2. 该现象可以出现两个单词之间，也可以在单个单词里出现

Sit down
At last
Get through
Good morning
Good night
Bad guy
Stop talking
Job market
Big boy
Make sure

单个单词中：picture, blackboard, notebook, goodbye, handbag, doctor, breakfast

注意，还有另外一种情况，即以 -tly, -tely, -dly 结尾的单词，/t/会失去爆破
Lately
Recently
Badly
Greatly
Absolutely
Definitely
Compeletely

最后，当爆破音出现在句子末尾，也可以进行失去爆破
I like it.
Tell me about it.

习惯使用失去爆破将使发音更加省力、自然。

鼻腔爆破

当爆破音后紧跟鼻辅音，气流从鼻腔爆破出来，而不是口腔

/-tn/
/-dn/

一般来说，上述两个需要做两次抵住上齿龈的动作，这是不必要的
可以简单理解为我们可以把t和d忽略

Certain
Britain
Martin
mountain
curtain
written
Important
kitten
mitten
sentence

Student
Suddenly
Garden
Hidden
Forbidden
Didn’t
Couldn’t
Wouldn’t
Shouldn’t

这个现象在口语交流中经常会遇到，多加练习可以在别人使用时能够听得懂

缩读

类型一
I am I’m
She is she’s
He is he’s
It is it’s
You are you’re（注意，和 your 发音一样）
We are we’re
They are they’re（注意，和 there, their 发音一样）

类型二
I have I’ve: /v/
You have you’ve
We have we’ve
They have they’ve
Should have should’ve: /əv/
Could have could’ve
would have would’ve
Might have might’ve
She has she’s（注意，和she is 一样）
He has he’s
It has it’s

类型三
I will i’ll
You will you’ll
She will she’ll
He will he’ll
It will it’ll（注意有闪音现象）
We Will we’ll
They will they’ll
That will that’ll（注意有闪音现象）

类型四
I would/had i’d
You would/had you’d
She would/had she’d
We would/had we’d

类型五
Is not isn’t
Are not aren’t
Was not wasn’t
Were not weren’t
Do not don’t
Does not doesn’t
Did not didn’t（注意有鼻腔爆破现象）
Have not haven’t

类型六
Want to =wanna
Got to =gotta（有闪音现象）=意义一般等同于have to
Going to =gonna
Have to =hafta: I hafta do it.
Has to =hasta: she hasta leave.
Ought to =oughta（有闪音现象）
Need to =needa: I needa know.

类型七
Kind of =kinda
Sort of =sorta: she is sorta tired.
Out of =outta: I am outta time.
A lot of =a lotta: I have lotta time.
Lots of =lotsa: she has lotsa money.

其他类型
Let me =lemme
Give me =gimme
Don’t know =dunno

缩读只是相对口语化的表达，在书面语时切勿使用。

弱读（功能词）

这是特别能够提升口语流利度的一个现象

先学习一下单词分类：

1. 实义词：Content words，主要是名词、动词、形容词、副词
2. 功能词：function words，起到语法连接作用，如代词、冠词、介词、连词、助动词、情态动词等

这些动能词正是可以被弱读的部分。

如何弱读？
一般就是把某个单词中的元音弱化成非中央元音/ə/。所以也叫央化

[to]
一般是 /tuː/ = /tə/
Nice to meet you.

to如果紧跟在元音或者浊辅音后面/tuː/ = /də/
He told me to help.
It’s the only way to do it.
I go to work.

[at]
/æt/ = /ət/
I’m at home.
Waiting at the door.
We’ll meet you at lunch.

[for]
/fɔːr/ = /fɚ/ 从双元音变成了单元音。没有/ə/？其实可以理解为是/ər/
This is for you.
For example.

[of]
/ɑːv/ = /əv/
A cup of coffee.
Get out of here.
Practice all of the time.

[from]
/frɑːm/ = /frəm/
Where are you from?
I’m from china.

[and]
/ænd/ = /ənd/ = /ən/ = /n/
You and me
Up and down
Back and forth
Again and again
Over and over

[or]
ɔːr/ /ɚ/ 没有/ə/？其实可以理解为是/ər/
Right or wrong
Super or salad
More or less

[an]
æn/ = /ən/
He’s an american.
It’s an easy mistake to make.

[because]
/bɪ’kɔz/ = /bɪ’kəz/ = cuz /kəz/

[as]
/æz/ = /əz/
As soon as posible

[than]
/ðæn/ = /ðən/
She is better than me.

[but]
/bʌt/ = /bət/
It’s old but useful.

[are]
/ɑːr/ = /ɚ/ 没有/ə/？其实可以理解为是/ər/
What are you doing?
How are you?

[was]
/wʌz/ = /wəz/
How was it?
That was great!

[were]
/wɚ/ = /wə/
What were you doing?

[your]
/jʊr/ = /jɚ/
What’s your name?
How’s your family? 注意有同化现象 /z/+/j/=/ʒ/

[their]
/ðer/ = /ðɚ/
That is their room.

[you]
/juː/ = /jə/
See you.
Got you. 注意有同化现象 /t/+/j/=/tf/

[us]
/ʌs/ = /əs/
Will you go with us?

[them]
/ðem/ = /ðəm/
Most of them. 注意th可以做击穿处理
Don’t argue with them.

[him]
/hɪm/ = /həm/
I told him not to go.

[her]
/hɜːr/ = /hɚr/
I wanna see her.

[do]
/duː/ = /də/
What do you want.

[does]
/dʌz/ = /dəz/
How does it work?

[have]
/hæv/ = /həv/
Have you been to Shanghai?

[has]
has /hæz/ = /həz/
She has gone.

[had]
/hæd/ = /həd/
Tom had already left.

[can]
/kæn/ = /kən/
Can you do it?
I can do it.

[could]
/kʊd/ = /kəd/
I wish I could help you.

[would]
/wʊd = /wəd/
What would you like to drink?
Why would I tell her?

[mast]
/mʌz/ = /məz/
I must go now.

[shall]
/ʃæl/ = /ʃəl/
Shall we go?

[what]
/wɑːt/ = /wət/
What time is it?
What do you mean?
What’s up?

[that]
/ðæt/ = /ðət/
Thell her that I miss her.

[some]
/sʌm/ = /səm/
I need some water.

弱读（缩写）

i’ll
/aɪl/ = /əl/

You’ll
/juːl/ = /jəl/

We‘ll
/wiːl/ = /wəl/

You’re
/jʊr/ = /jɚ/

We’re
/wiːr/ = /wɚ/

They’re
/ðer/ = /ðɚ/

It’s
/ɪts/ = /ts/

I’m
/aɪm/ = /m/

Tips：这里除了 It’s 和 I’m 有省略现象，如下用法也存在：
What’s up!
Excuse me.
Of course.