C++基础知识6 vector
vector
- 1.vector的介绍及使用
- 1.1 vector的介绍
- 1.2 vector的使用
- 1.2.1 vector的定义
- 1.2.2 vector iterator 的使用
- 1.2.3 vector 常用的接口
- 1.2.4 vector 空间增长问题
- 1.2.4 vector 迭代器失效问题。(重点)
- 2.vector模拟实现
1.vector的介绍及使用
1.1 vector的介绍
vector的文档介绍
使用STL的三个境界:能用,明理,能扩展 ,那么下面学习vector,我们也是按照这个方法去学习
1.2 vector的使用
vector学习时一定要学会查看文档:vector的文档介绍,vector在实际中非常的重要,在实际中我们熟悉常见的接口就可以,下面列出了哪些接口是要重点掌握的。
1.2.1 vector的定义
vector的构造代码演示
1.2.2 vector iterator 的使用
1.2.3 vector 常用的接口
size 获取数据个数
capacity 获取容量大小
empty 判断是否为空
resize(重点) 改变vector的size
reserve (重点) 改变vector的capacity
push_back(重点) 尾插
pop_back (重点) 尾删
find 查找。(注意这个是算法模块实现,不是vector的成员接口)
insert 在position之前插入val
erase 删除position位置的数据
swap 交换两个vector的数据空间
operator[] (重点) 像数组一样访问
这些接口使用并不算困难,关键是我们能不能自己造轮子
1.2.4 vector 空间增长问题
测试vector的默认扩容机制
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void TestVectorExpand()
{
size_t sz;
vector<int> v;
sz = v.capacity();
cout << "making v grow:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
{
v.push_back(i);
if (sz != v.capacity())
{
sz = v.capacity();
cout << "capacity changed: " << sz << '\n';
}
}
}
int main()
{
TestVectorExpand();
return 0;
}
如果已经知道了所需空间大小,可以提前开好空间避免频繁扩容
void TestVectorExpandRe()
{
vector<int> v;
cout << "making v grow:\n";
size_t sz = 100;
v.reserve(100);
bool change = false;
for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
{
v.push_back(i);
if (sz != v.capacity())
{
change = true;
sz = v.capacity();
cout << "capacity changed: " << sz << '\n';
}
}
if (!change)
{
cout << "Not change" << endl;
}
}
1.2.4 vector 迭代器失效问题。(重点)
迭代器的主要作用就是让算法能够不用关心底层数据结构,其底层实际就是一个指针,或者是对
指针进行了封装,比如:vector的迭代器就是原生态指针T* 。因此迭代器失效,实际就是迭代器
底层对应指针所指向的空间被销毁了,而使用一块已经被释放的空间,造成的后果是程序崩溃(即
如果继续使用已经失效的迭代器,程序可能会崩溃)。
对于vector可能会导致其迭代器失效的操作有:
-
- 会引起其底层空间改变的操作,都有可能是迭代器失效,比如:resize、reserve、insert、assign、push_back等。
it一开始指向的空间已经被销毁了,程序会崩。及时更新迭代器
-
- 指定位置元素的删除操作–erase
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <vector>
int main()
{
vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
auto it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
if (*it % 2 == 0)
v.erase(it);
++it;
}
return 0;
}
这段代码会很好解释为什么删除也会有迭代器失效的问题
我们期望指向2的lterator指向了3,迭代器失效了它的指向不符合我们的预期
2.vector模拟实现
std::vector的核心框架接口的模拟实现bit::vector
实现代码
#pragma once
#include<assert.h>
#include<list>
#include<string>
namespace Yusei
{
template<class T>
class vector
{
public:
typedef T* iterator;
typedef const T* const_iterator;
// C++11 前置生成默认构造
vector() = default;//默认构造函数走初始化列表,成员变量声明了缺省值
vector(const vector<T>& v)//拷贝构造
{
reserve(v.size());
for (auto& e : v)
{
push_back(e);
}
}
// 类模板的成员函数,还可以继续是函数模版
template <class InputIterator>
vector(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
while (first != last)
{
push_back(*first);
++first;
}
}
vector(size_t n, const T& val = T())
{
reserve(n);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
push_back(val);
}
}
vector(int n, const T& val = T())
{
reserve(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
push_back(val);
}
}
void clear()
{
_finish = _start;
}
// v1 = v3
vector<T>& operator=(const vector<T>& v)
{
if (this != &v)
{
clear();
reserve(v.size());
for (auto& e : v)
{
push_back(e);
}
}
return *this;
}
void swap(vector<T>& v)
{
std::swap(_start, v._start);
std::swap(_finish, v._finish);
std::swap(_end_of_storage, v._end_of_storage);
}
// v1 = v3
//vector& operator=(vector v)
vector<T>& operator=(vector<T> v)
{
swap(v);
return *this;
}
~vector()
{
if (_start)
{
delete[] _start;
_start = _finish = _end_of_storage = nullptr;
}
}
iterator begin()
{
return _start;
}
iterator end()
{
return _finish;
}
const_iterator begin() const
{
return _start;
}
const_iterator end() const
{
return _finish;
}
void reserve(size_t n)
{
if (n > capacity)
{
size_t oldsize = size();
iterator tmp = new iterator[n];
for (size_t i=0;i<oldsize;i++)
{
tmp[i] = _start[i];
}
delete[]_start;
_start = _finish = _end_of_storage = nullptr;
_start = tmp;
_finish = tmp + oldsize;
_end_of_storage = tmp + n;
}
}
void resize(size_t n, T val = T())
{
if (n < size())
{
_finish = _start + n;
}
else
{
reserve(n);
for (size_t i = size(); i < n; i++)
{
_start[i] = val;
}
}
}
size_t size() const
{
return _finish - _start;
}
size_t capacity() const
{
return _end_of_storage - _start;
}
bool empty() const
{
return _start == _finish;
}
void push_back(const T& x)
{
// 扩容
if (_finish == _end_of_storage)
{
reserve(capacity() == 0 ? 4 : capacity() * 2);
}
*_finish = x;
++_finish;
}
void pop_back()
{
assert(!empty());
--_finish;
}
iterator insert(iterator pos, const T& x)
{
assert(pos >= _start);
assert(pos <= _finish);
// 扩容
if (_finish == _end_of_storage)
{
size_t len = _finish - _start;
reserve(capacity() == 0 ? 4 : 2 * capacity());
pos = _start + len;
}
iterator end = _finish - 1;
while (end >= pos)
{
*(end + 1) = *end;
--end;
}
*pos = x;
++_finish;
return pos;
}
iterator erase(iterator pos)
{
assert(pos >= _start);
assert(pos < _finish);
iterator it = pos + 1;
while (it != end())
{
*(it - 1) = *it;
++it;
}
--_finish;
return pos;
}
T& operator[](size_t i)
{
assert(i < size());
return _start[i];
}
const T& operator[](size_t i) const
{
assert(i < size());
return _start[i];
}
private:
iterator _start = nullptr;
iterator _finish = nullptr;
iterator _end_of_storage = nullptr;
};
}
测试代码
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"vector.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace Yusei;
using std::endl;
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::string;
using std::list;
template<class T>
void print_vector(const vector<T>& v)
{
// 规定,没有实例化的类模板里面取东西,编译器不能区分这里const_iterator
// 是类型还是静态成员变量
//typename vector<T>::const_iterator it = v.begin();
auto it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
cout << *it << " ";
++it;
}
cout << endl;
for (auto e : v)
{
cout << e << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
template<class Container>
void print_container(const Container& v)
{
/*auto it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
cout << *it << " ";
++it;
}
cout << endl;*/
for (auto e : v)
{
cout << e << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test_vector1()
{
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(4);
v.push_back(5);
for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); i++)
{
cout << v[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
std::cout << *it << " ";
++it;
}
cout << endl;
for (auto e : v)
{
cout << e << " ";
}
cout << endl;
print_vector(v);
vector<double> vd;
vd.push_back(1.1);
vd.push_back(2.1);
vd.push_back(3.1);
vd.push_back(4.1);
vd.push_back(5.1);
print_vector(vd);
}
void test_vector2()
{
std::vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(4);
v.push_back(5);
print_container(v);
/*v.insert(v.begin() + 2, 30);
print_vector(v);*/
int x;
cin >> x;
auto p = find(v.begin(), v.end(), x);
if (p != v.end())
{
// insert以后p就是失效,不要直接访问,要访问就要更新这个失效的迭代器的值
/*v.insert(p, 20);
(*p) *= 10;*/
p = v.insert(p, 40);
(*(p + 1)) *= 10;
}
print_container(v);
}
void test_vector3()
{
std::vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(4);
print_container(v);
// 删除所有的偶数
auto it = v.begin();
while (it != v.end())
{
if (*it % 2 == 0)
{
it = v.erase(it);
}
else
{
++it;
}
}
print_container(v);
}
void test_vector4()
{
int i = int();
int j = int(1);
int k(2);
vector<int> v;
v.resize(10, 1);
v.reserve(20);
print_container(v);
cout << v.size() << endl;
cout << v.capacity() << endl;
v.resize(15, 2);
print_container(v);
v.resize(25, 3);
print_container(v);
v.resize(5);
print_container(v);
}
void test_vector5()
{
vector<int> v1;
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(2);
v1.push_back(3);
v1.push_back(4);
print_container(v1);
vector<int> v2 = v1;
print_container(v2);
vector<int> v3;
v3.push_back(10);
v3.push_back(20);
v3.push_back(30);
v1 = v3;
print_container(v1);
print_container(v3);
}
void test_vector6()
{
vector<int> v1;
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(2);
v1.push_back(3);
v1.push_back(4);
v1.push_back(4);
v1.push_back(4);
vector<int> v2(v1.begin(), v1.begin() + 3);
print_container(v1);
print_container(v2);
list<int> lt;
lt.push_back(10);
lt.push_back(10);
lt.push_back(10);
lt.push_back(10);
vector<int> v3(lt.begin(), lt.end());
print_container(lt);
print_container(v2);
vector<string> v4(10, "1111111");
print_container(v4);
vector<int> v5(10);
print_container(v5);
vector<int> v6((size_t)10, 1);
print_container(v6);
vector<int> v7(10, 1);
print_container(v7);
}
void test_vector7()
{
vector<string> v;
v.push_back("11111111111111111111");
v.push_back("11111111111111111111");
v.push_back("11111111111111111111");
v.push_back("11111111111111111111");
print_container(v);
v.push_back("11111111111111111111");
print_container(v);
}