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8)语法分析:引导词

  1. 引导词指人 or 物?(前看名词,后看动词)

  2. 从句缺了什么成分?

引导词分类

1. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)

并列连词用于连接同等重要的单词、短语或句子。而常见的并列连词有:

  • FANBOYS:For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
    • For:表示原因。
      • Example: I went to the store, for I needed some milk.
    • And:表示并列或添加。
      • Example: She likes apples and oranges.
    • Nor:表示否定的并列。
      • Example: He didn't go, nor did he call.
    • But:表示转折。
      • Example: She is smart but not very talkative.
    • Or:表示选择。
      • Example: You can have tea or coffee.
    • Yet:表示对比。
      • Example: The task was hard, yet she managed to complete it.
    • So:表示结果。
      • Example: It was raining, so we stayed inside.

2. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions)

从属连词用于连接主句和从句,通常引导一个从句。从句依赖于主句才能构成完整的句子。常见的从属连词有:

  • 时间:When, While, As, Since, Until, Before, After
    • Example: When she arrives, we will start the meeting.
  • 原因:Because, Since, As, For
    • Example: I can't come because I am sick.
  • 条件:If, Unless, Provided that, In case
    • Example: If it rains, we will stay at home.
  • 让步:Although, Though, Even though, Despite, In spite of
    • Example: Although it was cold, he went swimming.
  • 目的:So that, In order that
    • Example: I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
  • 结果:So...that, Such...that
    • Example: She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
  • 方式:As if, As though
    • Example: He acted as if he were a king.

3. 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunctions)

关联连词将成对出现,用于连接两个相关的部分。常见的关联连词有:

  • Either...or:表示选择。
    • Example: Either you go, or I will.
  • Neither...nor:表示双重否定。
    • Example: Neither John nor Mary came to the party.
  • Both...and:表示两者都。
    • Example: Both Sarah and Tom are coming to the party.
  • Not only...but also:表示不仅...而且。
    • Example: Not only is she smart, but she is also kind.
  • Whether...or:表示选择。
    • Example: Whether you like it or not, you have to do it.

4. 其他引导词

还有一些其他类型的引导词,如:

  • 关系代词(Relative Pronouns):who, whom, whose, which, that
    • Example: The man who called me is my brother.
  • 关系副词(Relative Adverbs):where, when, why
    • Example: This is the place where we met.

引导词的替换

以下是一些常见的引导词及其替换用法:

1. 表示地点

  • Wherein which, on which, at which

    • Where 通常用于表示地点的名词,并且在从句中充当地点状语。
    • In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示地点的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。

    例句:

    • The house where we lived was very old.

      • The house in which we lived was very old.
      • The house at which we lived was very old. (较少见,但语法上正确)
    • The park where we had a picnic is very large.

      • The park in which we had a picnic is very large.
      • The park at which we had a picnic is very large. (较少见,但语法上正确)
    • The table on which I put the book is wobbly.

      • The table where I put the book is wobbly. (较少见,但语法上正确)
      • The table at which I put the book is wobbly. (较少见,但语法上正确)

2. 表示时间

  • Whenin which, on which, at which

    • When 通常用于表示时间的名词,并且在从句中充当时间状语。
    • In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示时间的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。

    例句:

    • The day when we met was very special.

      • The day on which we met was very special.
      • The day at which we met was very special. (较少见,但语法上正确)
    • The year when I graduated from college was 2010.

      • The year in which I graduated from college was 2010.
    • The moment when he arrived, the party started.

      • The moment at which he arrived, the party started.

3. 表示原因

  • Whyfor which, of which

    • Why 通常用于表示原因的名词,并且在从句中充当原因状语。
    • For which, of which 也可以用于表示原因的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。

    例句:

    • The reason why he was late is that his car broke down.
      • The reason for which he was late is that his car broke down.
      • The reason of which he was late is that his car broke down. (较少见,但语法上正确)

4. 表示方式

  • Howin which, by which

    • How 通常用于表示方式的名词,并且在从句中充当方式状语。
    • In which, by which 也可以用于表示方式的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。

    例句:

    • The way how he solved the problem was impressive.
      • The way in which he solved the problem was impressive.
      • The way by which he solved the problem was impressive. (较少见,但语法上正确)

总结

  • Where 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的具体地点。
  • When 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的具体时间。
  • Why 可以被 for which, of which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的原因。
  • How 可以被 in which, by which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的方式。

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