8)语法分析:引导词
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引导词指人 or 物?(前看名词,后看动词)
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从句缺了什么成分?
引导词分类
1. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)
并列连词用于连接同等重要的单词、短语或句子。而常见的并列连词有:
- FANBOYS:For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
- For:表示原因。
- Example: I went to the store, for I needed some milk.
- And:表示并列或添加。
- Example: She likes apples and oranges.
- Nor:表示否定的并列。
- Example: He didn't go, nor did he call.
- But:表示转折。
- Example: She is smart but not very talkative.
- Or:表示选择。
- Example: You can have tea or coffee.
- Yet:表示对比。
- Example: The task was hard, yet she managed to complete it.
- So:表示结果。
- Example: It was raining, so we stayed inside.
- For:表示原因。
2. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions)
从属连词用于连接主句和从句,通常引导一个从句。从句依赖于主句才能构成完整的句子。常见的从属连词有:
- 时间:When, While, As, Since, Until, Before, After
- Example: When she arrives, we will start the meeting.
- 原因:Because, Since, As, For
- Example: I can't come because I am sick.
- 条件:If, Unless, Provided that, In case
- Example: If it rains, we will stay at home.
- 让步:Although, Though, Even though, Despite, In spite of
- Example: Although it was cold, he went swimming.
- 目的:So that, In order that
- Example: I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
- 结果:So...that, Such...that
- Example: She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
- 方式:As if, As though
- Example: He acted as if he were a king.
3. 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunctions)
关联连词将成对出现,用于连接两个相关的部分。常见的关联连词有:
- Either...or:表示选择。
- Example: Either you go, or I will.
- Neither...nor:表示双重否定。
- Example: Neither John nor Mary came to the party.
- Both...and:表示两者都。
- Example: Both Sarah and Tom are coming to the party.
- Not only...but also:表示不仅...而且。
- Example: Not only is she smart, but she is also kind.
- Whether...or:表示选择。
- Example: Whether you like it or not, you have to do it.
4. 其他引导词
还有一些其他类型的引导词,如:
- 关系代词(Relative Pronouns):who, whom, whose, which, that
- Example: The man who called me is my brother.
- 关系副词(Relative Adverbs):where, when, why
- Example: This is the place where we met.
引导词的替换
以下是一些常见的引导词及其替换用法:
1. 表示地点
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Where 与 in which, on which, at which
- Where 通常用于表示地点的名词,并且在从句中充当地点状语。
- In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示地点的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。
例句:
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The house where we lived was very old.
- The house in which we lived was very old.
- The house at which we lived was very old. (较少见,但语法上正确)
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The park where we had a picnic is very large.
- The park in which we had a picnic is very large.
- The park at which we had a picnic is very large. (较少见,但语法上正确)
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The table on which I put the book is wobbly.
- The table where I put the book is wobbly. (较少见,但语法上正确)
- The table at which I put the book is wobbly. (较少见,但语法上正确)
2. 表示时间
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When 与 in which, on which, at which
- When 通常用于表示时间的名词,并且在从句中充当时间状语。
- In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示时间的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。
例句:
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The day when we met was very special.
- The day on which we met was very special.
- The day at which we met was very special. (较少见,但语法上正确)
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The year when I graduated from college was 2010.
- The year in which I graduated from college was 2010.
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The moment when he arrived, the party started.
- The moment at which he arrived, the party started.
3. 表示原因
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Why 与 for which, of which
- Why 通常用于表示原因的名词,并且在从句中充当原因状语。
- For which, of which 也可以用于表示原因的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。
例句:
- The reason why he was late is that his car broke down.
- The reason for which he was late is that his car broke down.
- The reason of which he was late is that his car broke down. (较少见,但语法上正确)
4. 表示方式
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How 与 in which, by which
- How 通常用于表示方式的名词,并且在从句中充当方式状语。
- In which, by which 也可以用于表示方式的名词,但具体选择取决于上下文。
例句:
- The way how he solved the problem was impressive.
- The way in which he solved the problem was impressive.
- The way by which he solved the problem was impressive. (较少见,但语法上正确)
总结
- Where 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的具体地点。
- When 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的具体时间。
- Why 可以被 for which, of which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的原因。
- How 可以被 in which, by which 替换,具体取决于先行词所指的方式。