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k8s集群搭建参考（by lqw）

article 2025/2/19 16:21:25

文章目录

- 声明
- 配置yum源
- 安装docker
- 安装 kubeadm，kubelet 和 kubectl
- 部署主节点
- 其他节点加入集群
- 安装网络插件

声明

由于看了几个k8s的教程，都存在各种问题，自己搭建的时候，踩了不少坑，最后还是靠百度+csdn+chatGPT才搭建了起来，所以决定单独起个帖子，结合这几个教程，出一版搭建参考。
本次示范使用三台虚拟机，分别是119,120和121，仅供学习参考，另外建议每做一个步骤，就对虚拟机或者服务器生成一次备份，避免哪一步操作出错。

配置yum源

如果用的是centos7的话，yum安装一些东西的时候会报Cannot find a valid baseurl for repo: centos-sclo-rh/x86_64，可参考下面解决方案：

cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo  /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak
# 如果无法wget可以直接浏览器下载下来后放进去 
sudo wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo  

#之后执行
yum clean all
yum update
yum makecache

#关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

#关闭 selinux
selinux：linux 的安全系统
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config

#关闭 swap
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

#设置网桥参数
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF

#时间同步（非常重要）
yum install ntpdate -y
ntpdate time.windows.com

备注：如果 yum 下载过程中断开，造成 yum 程序锁定，可运行以下命令关闭 yum 程序
rm -f /var/run/yum.pid

#在 master 节点为各主机的 IP 命名

cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
192.168.10.119 master
192.168.10.120 node1
192.168.10.121 node2
EOF

配置完重启虚拟机或者服务器。

安装docker

# yum install -y docker-ce 没有可用的软件包的解决方案
yum -y install yum-utils
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
#如果 yum 下载过程中断开，造成 yum 程序锁定，可运行以下命令关闭 yum 程序
rm -f /var/run/yum.pid
# 安装docker-ce
yum -y install docker-ce

接下来访问这个网址：阿里云镜像加速器，跟着页面指引配置镜像加速器
在这里插入图片描述

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
# 配置开机自启动
 systemctl enable docker

安装 kubeadm，kubelet 和 kubectl

#配置 yum 源镜像
cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

#执行以下指令，设置各种密匙
curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg | sudo gpg --import

curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg | sudo gpg --import

sudo rpm --import https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg

sudo yum clean all
sudo yum makecache

执行yum makecache的时候，会有以下提示，输入y，回车：
在这里插入图片描述

#安装软件
yum install kubelet-1.19.4 kubeadm-1.19.4 kubectl-1.19.4 -y
#自动运行软件
systemctl enable kubelet.service
#查看是否安装成功
yum list installed | grep kubelet
yum list installed | grep kubeadm
yum list installed | grep kubectl

在这里插入图片描述

部署主节点

在master节点执行：

kubeadm init \
    --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.10.119 \
    --image-repository=registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
    --kubernetes-version=v1.19.4 \
    --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
    --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

其中192.168.10.119为主节点的ip地址，用ifconfig查看即可。

执行后如下图所示：
在这里插入图片描述
把里面的指令复制出来执行，主要是这三个：

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

之后执行一下：

kubectl get nodes

如下图所示为正常：
在这里插入图片描述

其他节点加入集群

将之前master节点看到的这段复制过来，贴到其他节点上执行

在这里插入图片描述

执行成功后，在主节点执行以下指令确认：

kubectl get nodes

在这里插入图片描述

安装网络插件

上传kube-flannel.yml到主节点，执行kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml，以下是文件内容：

apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
    - configMap
    - secret
    - emptyDir
    - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
    - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
  - apiGroups: ['extensions']
    resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
    verbs: ['use']
    resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - pods
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/status
    verbs:
      - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-amd64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - amd64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:amd64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:amd64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:arm64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:arm64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:arm
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:arm
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - ppc64le
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:ppc64le
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:ppc64le
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-s390x
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - s390x
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:s390x
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/test-lab/coreos-flannel:s390x
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg

执行一下指令：

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
# 如果自己发现这个文件有问题，想替换的话，可以删掉
# kubectl delete -f kube-flannel.yml

在这里插入图片描述

执行后先执行这个指令：

 kubectl get pods -n kube-system

在这里插入图片描述
基本可以看到这两个为0，其他为1，为什么呢？

执行kubectl get nodes，节点也是noready的状态：
在这里插入图片描述

执行以下指令去查看其中一个节点：

# nodename换成你要查的，在主节点上执行，例如这里我查的是node1
kubectl describe node <node-name>

这里的信息也提示网络组件其实还没准备好：
在这里插入图片描述

在主节点输入以下指令查看一下日志：

journalctl -u kubelet -xe

在这里插入图片描述

把这两个关键信息到网上查，才知道 /etc/cni/net.d是跟我们安装的网络flannel有关的，这说明了虽然flannel安装了，但是仍然存在问题。

Flannel 会自动安装 CNI 插件到 /opt/cni/bin，于是我去看了下这个地方：

ls /opt/cni/bin

在这里插入图片描述

根据查看的结果，我发现里面少了好几个文件夹，包括flannel，这就说明其实CNI插件没有安装成功。

在这里插入图片描述

知道问题了，就很好解决了，接下来就是在每个节点上都安装CNI插件：

wget https://github.com/flannel-io/cni-plugin/releases/download/v1.1.0/flannel-amd64 -O /opt/cni/bin/flannel
chmod +x /opt/cni/bin/flannel

安装后重新执行ls /opt/cni/bin 检查了一下，发现终于完整了：

在这里插入图片描述

ls /etc/cni/net.d/ 检查了一下，也有相关配置文件：

在这里插入图片描述

{
  "name": "cbr0",
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "plugins": [
    {
      "type": "flannel",
      "delegate": {
        "hairpinMode": true,
        "isDefaultGateway": true
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "portmap",
      "capabilities": {
        "portMappings": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

然后执行以下指令，方便重新生成CNI相关配置到k8s里：

# 主节点执行
kubectl delete pod -n kube-system -l app=flannel
# 主从节点都要执行
sudo systemctl restart kubelet

# 主节点执行
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l app=flannel
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-4dk66   1/1     Running   0          33s
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-g76mr   1/1     Running   0          23s
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-zdklx   1/1     Running   0          34s

[root@master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME     STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
master   Ready    master   62m   v1.19.4
node1    Ready    <none>   59m   v1.19.4
node2    Ready    <none>   59m   v1.19.4

之后执行：

 kubectl get pods -n kube-system

如果还有这种
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可以先删掉对应的pod，k8s会自动恢复的，例如上面的三个异常pod：

kubectl delete pod -n kube-system etcd-master
kubectl delete pod -n kube-system kube-controller-manager-master
kubectl delete pod -n kube-system kube-scheduler-master
kubectl get pods -n kube-system

在这里插入图片描述

如果还是不行，就用这个指令去查看对应的pod的日志，然后根据日志报错，上网搜搜看怎么解决：

#把name换成你要查的pod，pod是用kubectl get pods -n kube-system来查的
# 例如下图的etcd-master，可以用指令kubectl logs -n kube-system etcd-master
kubectl logs -n kube-system name

在这里插入图片描述