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Linux lsblk 命令详解：查看磁盘和分区信息 (中英双语)

article 2025/2/23 21:28:02

Linux `lsblk` 命令详解：查看磁盘和分区信息

在 Linux 系统中，管理磁盘设备和分区是日常运维工作的重要部分。而 lsblk 命令是一个强大的工具，它用于列出系统中的块设备（block devices）信息，可以帮助我们快速查看磁盘、分区、挂载点等内容。相比 fdisk -l 或 df -h，lsblk 提供了更加直观的树状结构，能够更清晰地展示磁盘及其分区关系。

在本文中，我们将详细介绍 lsblk 命令的基本用法、高级用法、常见参数，并通过示例展示如何使用它来高效管理 Linux 服务器中的磁盘设备。

1. `lsblk` 命令概述

lsblk 是 List Block Devices 的缩写，它用于列出系统中的块设备（block devices），包括硬盘、SSD、U 盘等存储设备的信息。这个命令主要用于：

查看磁盘分区结构
检查磁盘挂载情况
获取设备的 UUID、文件系统类型等信息

基本语法

lsblk [选项]

其中，[选项] 用于指定不同的显示方式，例如显示详细信息、过滤特定设备等。

2. `lsblk` 命令的基本用法

2.1 显示所有块设备

lsblk

示例输出：

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  500G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  100G  0 part /
├─sda2   8:2    0  200G  0 part /home
└─sda3   8:3    0  200G  0 part /data
sdb      8:16   0  1T    0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0  1T    0 part /mnt/storage
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

结果解析

NAME：设备名称，例如 sda 代表第一个磁盘，sdb 代表第二个磁盘。
MAJ:MIN：主设备号和次设备号。
RM（Removable）：是否为可移动设备（1 代表可移动，如 U 盘，0 代表固定磁盘）。
SIZE：磁盘或分区的大小。
RO（Read-Only）：是否为只读设备（1 代表只读，0 代表可读写）。
TYPE：设备类型：
- disk：物理磁盘
- part：分区
- rom：光驱
MOUNTPOINT：分区的挂载点。

2.2 以详细格式显示

使用 -o 选项可以指定显示的字段，例如：

lsblk -o NAME,MAJ:MIN,RM,SIZE,RO,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT,UUID

示例输出：

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO FSTYPE MOUNTPOINT UUID
sda      8:0    0  500G  0
├─sda1   8:1    0  100G  0 ext4   /
│                               123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000
├─sda2   8:2    0  200G  0 xfs    /home
│                               123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440001
└─sda3   8:3    0  200G  0 ext4   /data
                                123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440002

参数解析：

FSTYPE：文件系统类型（如 ext4、xfs）。
UUID：文件系统的唯一标识符（用于 fstab 挂载）。

3. `lsblk` 命令的高级用法

3.1 仅显示磁盘（不包括分区）

lsblk -d

示例输出：

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE
sda      8:0    0  500G  0 disk
sdb      8:16   0  1T    0 disk
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom

-d 选项仅显示磁盘，不包括分区信息。

3.2 仅显示已挂载的分区

lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT | grep -v "^\s*$"

示例输出：

NAME    MOUNTPOINT
sda1    /
sda2    /home
sda3    /data
sdb1    /mnt/storage

3.3 显示设备的 UUID

lsblk -o NAME,UUID

示例输出：

NAME    UUID
sda1    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000
sda2    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440001
sdb1    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440002

UUID 在 /etc/fstab 中用于自动挂载。

3.4 结合 `grep` 过滤特定设备

如果想查找某个特定的磁盘（如 sda），可以使用：

lsblk | grep sda

4. `lsblk` 与其他磁盘管理命令对比

命令	作用
`lsblk`	显示磁盘、分区信息，树状结构，简洁直观
`fdisk -l`	显示磁盘详细分区信息，适用于磁盘分区管理
`blkid`	获取设备 UUID、文件系统类型等
`df -h`	查看已挂载设备的存储使用情况
`parted -l`	显示分区信息，适用于 GPT 磁盘

5. `lsblk` 命令应用场景

5.1 查看新插入的 U 盘或硬盘

当你插入 U 盘或新的硬盘时，可以使用 lsblk 来检查设备：

lsblk

然后可以用 mount 命令手动挂载它。

5.2 检查文件系统类型

有时候需要知道磁盘的文件系统类型，比如 ext4、xfs、ntfs：

lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE

5.3 确定磁盘是否已挂载

使用 lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT 可以快速确认某个分区是否已被挂载。

6. 总结

lsblk 是 Linux 系统中用于查看块设备信息的重要工具，它相比 fdisk -l 或 df -h 更加直观，尤其适用于：

检查磁盘分区结构
查看挂载状态
获取设备 UUID 及文件系统类型

常用命令总结

命令	作用
`lsblk`	显示所有块设备
`lsblk -d`	仅显示磁盘，不包括分区
`lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT`	查看已挂载的设备
`lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,UUID`	显示文件系统类型和 UUID

希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地理解 lsblk 命令，提升 Linux 磁盘管理能力！🚀

Comprehensive Guide to the `lsblk` Command in Linux

In Linux, managing disk devices and partitions is a crucial task for system administrators. The lsblk command is a powerful tool that lists information about block devices, including hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, and other storage media. Compared to commands like fdisk -l or df -h, lsblk presents a tree-like structure that makes it easier to understand disk and partition relationships.

This article provides a complete guide to lsblk, covering its basic and advanced usage, common options, and practical scenarios where it is useful.

1. Overview of the `lsblk` Command

lsblk stands for List Block Devices. It is used to display information about block devices, including their partitions, sizes, mount points, and file system types.

Basic Syntax

lsblk [options]

The [options] modify the output to display specific details such as file system types, UUIDs, or mounted status.

2. Basic Usage of `lsblk`

2.1 List All Block Devices

lsblk

Example Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  500G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  100G  0 part /
├─sda2   8:2    0  200G  0 part /home
└─sda3   8:3    0  200G  0 part /data
sdb      8:16   0  1T    0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0  1T    0 part /mnt/storage
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom

Explanation of Columns

NAME: Device name (sda for the first disk, sdb for the second, etc.).
MAJ:MIN: Major and minor device numbers.
RM (Removable): Whether the device is removable (1 for removable, 0 for fixed storage).
SIZE: The size of the disk or partition.
RO (Read-Only): Whether the device is read-only (1 for yes, 0 for no).
TYPE: Device type:
- disk: Physical disk
- part: Partition
- rom: Optical disk (CD/DVD)
MOUNTPOINT: Directory where the device is mounted.

2.2 Display Detailed Information

To include additional details such as file system type and UUID, use:

lsblk -o NAME,MAJ:MIN,RM,SIZE,RO,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT,UUID

Example Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO FSTYPE MOUNTPOINT UUID
sda      8:0    0  500G  0
├─sda1   8:1    0  100G  0 ext4   /
│                               123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000
├─sda2   8:2    0  200G  0 xfs    /home
│                               123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440001
└─sda3   8:3    0  200G  0 ext4   /data
                                123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440002

FSTYPE: File system type (e.g., ext4, xfs, ntfs).
UUID: Unique identifier of the partition (used for /etc/fstab mounting).

3. Advanced Usage of `lsblk`

3.1 Display Only Physical Disks (Exclude Partitions)

lsblk -d

Example Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE
sda      8:0    0  500G  0 disk
sdb      8:16   0  1T    0 disk
sr0     11:0    1  4.3G  0 rom

The -d flag hides partitions, displaying only disks.

3.2 Show Only Mounted Partitions

lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT | grep -v "^\s*$"

Example Output:

NAME    MOUNTPOINT
sda1    /
sda2    /home
sda3    /data
sdb1    /mnt/storage

3.3 Display Device UUIDs

lsblk -o NAME,UUID

Example Output:

NAME    UUID
sda1    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000
sda2    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440001
sdb1    123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440002

UUIDs are used for persistent device mounting in /etc/fstab.

3.4 Filter Specific Devices Using `grep`

To find information about a specific disk (e.g., sda):

lsblk | grep sda

4. Comparison with Other Disk Management Commands

Command	Description
`lsblk`	Lists block devices with a clear tree structure
`fdisk -l`	Displays detailed partition information (good for partition management)
`blkid`	Retrieves file system type and UUID
`df -h`	Shows mounted devices and their disk usage
`parted -l`	Lists partition details, useful for GPT disks

5. Practical Use Cases for `lsblk`

5.1 Checking a Newly Inserted USB Drive or Hard Disk

When you insert a USB drive or a new hard disk, use lsblk to check if it is recognized:

lsblk

Then, use the mount command to access the device.

5.2 Identifying File System Type

To determine whether a partition is formatted as ext4, xfs, or ntfs:

lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE

5.3 Checking If a Partition Is Mounted

Use lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT to quickly verify if a partition is currently mounted.

6. Summary

The lsblk command is a crucial tool for managing block devices in Linux. Compared to fdisk -l or df -h, it provides a more user-friendly and structured output, making it ideal for:

Checking disk and partition structures
Viewing mounted storage devices
Retrieving file system types and UUIDs

Commonly Used `lsblk` Commands

Command	Description
`lsblk`	List all block devices
`lsblk -d`	Show only physical disks, excluding partitions
`lsblk -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT`	Display only mounted partitions
`lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,UUID`	Show file system type and UUID

Mastering lsblk will greatly improve your ability to manage storage devices in Linux efficiently. 🚀