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Qt学习 网络编程 TPC通信

article 2025/2/25 3:07:33

一 基本网络端口

1 网络编程基本概念

  • 通讯方式：信息的通讯时通过网络来进行，通讯方式有两种，TCP和UDP通信，TCP通讯是专用通道，指定某个信息只能走某个通道，UDP则是非专用通道，比如一个车队，有1~3号车，从北京到成都，TCP通道则是，3个车一起走指定的一条线路，UDP通道则是，3量车可以走不同的线路，无所谓先后顺序到达北京，根据途径路线的拥堵程度，来进行路线的选择
  • 什么是服务器和客户端：客户端主动发起连接，连接到服务器可以开启通讯，反过来不可以，一个服务器，服务多个客户端

2 网络端口访问案例

  • 知识点1：UI界面布局如果将组件设置顶端对齐
    在这里插入图片描述
  • 在
MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)
    : QMainWindow(parent)
    , ui(new Ui::MainWindow)
{
    ui->setupUi(this);

    QHBoxLayout *layout  = new QHBoxLayout(this);
    layout->addWidget(ui->groupBox, 0,Qt::AlignTop);
    layout->addWidget(ui->plainTextEdit);

    this->centralWidget()->setLayout(layout);
}

在这里插入图片描述

  • 知识点2：获取指定域名的Ip地址的时候，需要定义槽函数，当前案例定义的槽函数void lookUpHost(const QHostInfo &info );
void MainWindow::on_pushButtonGivenSpace_clicked()
{
    //获取填写的域名
    QString name = ui->lineEdit->text();
    if(name.length() == 0){
        return;
    }

    ui->textPrint->append("正在查找" + name +"的IP地址。。。");

    QHostInfo::lookupHost(name, this,SLOT(lookUpHost(QHostInfo)));
}

  • 知识点3：使用到网络模块，需要在项目.por文件中添加network关键字
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 代码

  • mainwindow.h

#ifndef MAINWINDOW_H
#define MAINWINDOW_H

#include <QMainWindow>
#include <QHostInfo>
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
namespace Ui { class MainWindow; }
QT_END_NAMESPACE

class MainWindow : public QMainWindow
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    MainWindow(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ~MainWindow();

private slots:
    void on_pushButtonHostname_clicked();

    void on_pushButtonHostname_2_clicked();

    void on_pushButtonHostname_3_clicked();

    void on_pushButtonGivenSpace_clicked();

    void lookUpHost(const  QHostInfo &info );
    void on_pushButtonIPS_clicked();

    void on_pushButtonIPSinter_clicked();

    void on_pushButtonClear_clicked();

private:
    Ui::MainWindow *ui;
};
#endif // MAINWINDOW_H
  • mainwindow.cpp
#include "mainwindow.h"
#include "ui_mainwindow.h"
#include <QHBoxLayout>
#include <QHostInfo>
#include <QNetworkInterface>

MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)
    : QMainWindow(parent)
    , ui(new Ui::MainWindow)
{
    ui->setupUi(this);

    QHBoxLayout *layout  = new QHBoxLayout(this);
    layout->addWidget(ui->groupBox, 0,Qt::AlignTop);
    layout->addWidget(ui->textPrint);

    this->centralWidget()->setLayout(layout);
}

MainWindow::~MainWindow()
{
    delete ui;
}


void MainWindow::on_pushButtonHostname_clicked()
{
    //获取本地主机名
    QString hostname = QHostInfo::localHostName();
    ui->textPrint->append("获取本地主机名 : " + hostname);
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonHostname_2_clicked()
{
    QString hostname = QHostInfo::localHostName();
    QHostInfo iP_V4 = QHostInfo::fromName(hostname);  //获取指定主机的信息
    QList<QHostAddress> addrlist = iP_V4.addresses();
    if(!addrlist.isEmpty()){
        for(int i =0 ;i <addrlist.count(); i++){
            QHostAddress address =addrlist[i];
            if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol){
                ui->textPrint->append(address.toString());
            }
        }
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonHostname_3_clicked()
{
    QString hostname = QHostInfo::localHostName();
    QHostInfo iP_V6 = QHostInfo::fromName(hostname);  //获取指定主机的信息
    QList<QHostAddress> addrlist = iP_V6.addresses();
    if(!addrlist.isEmpty()){
        for(int i =0 ;i <addrlist.count(); i++){
            QHostAddress address =addrlist[i];
            if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv6Protocol){
                ui->textPrint->append(address.toString());
            }
        }
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonGivenSpace_clicked()
{
    //获取填写的域名
    QString name = ui->lineEdit->text();
    if(name.length() == 0){
        return;
    }

    ui->textPrint->append("正在查找" + name +"的IP地址。。。");

    QHostInfo::lookupHost(name, this,SLOT(lookUpHost(QHostInfo)));
}

void MainWindow::lookUpHost(const QHostInfo &info)
{
   QList<QHostAddress> addrlist = info.addresses();
   if(!addrlist.isEmpty()){
       for(int i =0 ;i <addrlist.count(); i++){
           QHostAddress address =addrlist[i];
           if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol){
               ui->textPrint->append(address.toString());
           }
       }
   }
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonIPS_clicked()
{
    QList<QHostAddress> addrlist = QNetworkInterface::allAddresses();
    if(!addrlist.isEmpty()){
        for(int i =0 ;i <addrlist.count(); i++){
            QHostAddress address =addrlist[i];
            if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol){
                ui->textPrint->append(address.toString());
            }
        }
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonIPSinter_clicked()
{
   QList<QNetworkInterface> addrlist =  QNetworkInterface::allInterfaces();
   if(!addrlist.isEmpty()){
       for(int i =0 ;i <addrlist.count(); i++){
           QNetworkInterface interface =addrlist[i];
           if(interface.isValid()){
               ui->textPrint->append("设备名称:" + interface.humanReadableName());
               ui->textPrint->append("硬件地址:" + interface.hardwareAddress());

               //一个网卡可以有多个IP地址
               QList<QNetworkAddressEntry> list2 = interface.addressEntries();
               for(int j =0 ;j <list2.count(); j++){
                      QNetworkAddressEntry entry = list2[j];
                      ui->textPrint->append("\tIP地址:" + entry.ip().toString());
                      ui->textPrint->append("\t子掩码:" + entry.netmask().toString());
                      ui->textPrint->append("\t广播地址:" + entry.broadcast().toString());
                }
           }
       }
   }
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButtonClear_clicked()
{
    ui->textPrint->clear();
}

3 服务器和客户端访问案例

在这里插入图片描述

3.1 项目添加关键字

在这里插入图片描述

3.2 定义服务器 QTcpServer *tcpserver;，并获取当前的服务器的IP地址，使其出现在comboBox中，服务器的连接需要定义槽函数，newConnection()是QTcpServer类中的信号；信号槽的实现
    //setCentralWidget(ui->plainTextEdit);
    //获取服务器端，可选得IP地址
    QHostInfo hostINFO = QHostInfo::fromName(QHostInfo::localHostName());
    QList<QHostAddress> addlist = hostINFO.addresses();
    if(!addlist.isEmpty()){
        for(int i = 0; i < addlist.count(); i++){
            QHostAddress address = addlist[i];
            if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol){
                ui->comboBox->addItem(address.toString());
            }
        }
    }

    //用来做测试的
    ui->comboBox->addItem("127.0.0.1");

    tcpserver = new QTcpServer(this);
    connect(tcpserver,SIGNAL(newConnection()),this,SLOT(on_newConnection()));
3.3 服务器中信号槽的实现，需要定义套接字QTcpServer *tcpserver;，服务器里面对每一个客户端，都会开启一个新的套接字来完成该客户端的信号的发送和接收，所以信号的连接与否等操作，都需要定义一个相应的套接字的信号槽来进行实现
void MainWindow::on_newConnection()
{

    tcpSocket = tcpserver->nextPendingConnection();

    //当有数据可以读的是，就读数据，使用信号槽
    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(readyRead()), this, SLOT(on_readyRead()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(connected()), this, SLOT(on_connected()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(disconnected()), this, SLOT(on_disonnected()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)), this, SLOT(on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)));

    on_stateChanged(tcpSocket->state());
}
3.4 代码测试，当前所写代码，既可以当成客户端，也可以当成服务器，假设将其当成服务器，如果要测试代码，还需要写一个客户端来进行测试，但是无法保证客户端的正确性，可以借助TCP调试软件来进行调试，当前下载软件如下，在电脑本身的应用商店下载即可，安装完毕之后直接打开即可

在这里插入图片描述

3.4.1 先运行QT代码，选择测试端口，启动TCP调试软件，在右侧选择TCP Client，以及远程端选择127.0.0.1，Local不用管，然后点击QT代码运行，然后点击软件右侧的Connect`

在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述

3.4.2 qt端发送信号，直接在发送前的条形框里面输入信号，点击发送即可，会在调试软件右侧的大框里面显现出信号

在这里插入图片描述

3.4.3 调试软件向QT窗口发送信号，因为每次只发送一行信号，在右下角的框里面输入信号，无法回车，直接点发送，在QT窗口端是没有反应的，勾选Send as Hex，119会自动跳变成编码，在编码后添加0A, 然后再取消勾选，会看到鼠标换行了,此时再点击发送，会看到QT窗口端接收到的信号

在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述

代码
  • mainwindow.h
#ifndef MAINWINDOW_H
#define MAINWINDOW_H

#include <QMainWindow>
#include <QTcpServer>
#include <QTcpSocket>
#include  <QLabel>
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
namespace Ui { class MainWindow; }
QT_END_NAMESPACE

class MainWindow : public QMainWindow
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    MainWindow(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ~MainWindow();

private:
    Ui::MainWindow *ui;

    QTcpServer *tcpserver;

    QTcpSocket *tcpSocket;  //tcp套接字，服务器里面对每一个客户端，都会开启一个新的套接字来完成该客户端的信号的发送和接收

    QLabel *label;  //状态栏的标签
    QLabel *labelSockt;  //状态栏的标签
private slots:
    void on_newConnection();
    void on_readyRead();
    void on_connected();
    void on_disonnected();
    void on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState);
    void on_actionJianTing_triggered();
    void on_pushButton_clicked();
    void on_actionStop_triggered();
    void on_actionClear_triggered();
    void on_actionExit_triggered();
};
#endif // MAINWINDOW_H
  • mainwindow.cpp
#include "mainwindow.h"
#include "ui_mainwindow.h"
#include <QHostInfo>
MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)
    : QMainWindow(parent)
    , ui(new Ui::MainWindow)
{
    ui->setupUi(this);

    //setCentralWidget(ui->plainTextEdit);
    //获取服务器端，可选得IP地址
    QHostInfo hostINFO = QHostInfo::fromName(QHostInfo::localHostName());
    QList<QHostAddress> addlist = hostINFO.addresses();
    if(!addlist.isEmpty()){
        for(int i = 0; i < addlist.count(); i++){
            QHostAddress address = addlist[i];
            if(address.protocol() == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol){
                ui->comboBox->addItem(address.toString());
            }
        }
    }

    //用来做测试的
    ui->comboBox->addItem("127.0.0.1");

    tcpserver = new QTcpServer(this);
    connect(tcpserver,SIGNAL(newConnection()),this,SLOT(on_newConnection()));

    label = new QLabel("监听状态:");
    label->setMinimumWidth(200);
    ui->statusbar->addWidget(label);

    labelSockt = new QLabel("套接字状态:");
    labelSockt->setMinimumWidth(200);
    ui->statusbar->addWidget(labelSockt);

}

MainWindow::~MainWindow()
{
    delete ui;
}

void MainWindow::on_newConnection()
{

    tcpSocket = tcpserver->nextPendingConnection();

    //当有数据可以读的是，就读数据，使用信号槽
    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(readyRead()), this, SLOT(on_readyRead()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(connected()), this, SLOT(on_connected()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(disconnected()), this, SLOT(on_disonnected()));

    connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)), this, SLOT(on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)));

    on_stateChanged(tcpSocket->state());
}

void MainWindow::on_readyRead()
{
    while(tcpSocket->canReadLine()){
        ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("on_readyRead [收到] " + tcpSocket->readLine());
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_connected()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("\n on_connected:客户端已经接入");
    //客户端地址信息
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("客户端地址： " +
                                       tcpSocket->peerAddress().toString());
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("客户端口号：" +
                                       QString::number(tcpSocket->peerPort()));
}

void MainWindow::on_disonnected()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("\n客户端已经断开连接");
    tcpSocket->deleteLater();
}

void MainWindow::on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState status)
{
    switch(status){
        case QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：未连接");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::HostLookupState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：HostLookupState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ConnectingState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：ConnectingState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：ConnectedState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::BoundState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：BoundState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ListeningState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：ListeningState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ClosingState:
            labelSockt->setText("套接字状态：ClosingState");
            break;
    default:
        break;
    }

}


void MainWindow::on_actionJianTing_triggered()
{
    QString ip = ui->comboBox->currentText();
    quint16 port = ui->spinBox->value();
    QHostAddress addr(ip);
    tcpserver->listen(addr,port);

    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("on_actionJianTing_triggered 开始监听，等待客户端发起连接...");
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("服务器地址:" +
                      tcpserver->serverAddress().toString());
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("服务器端口:" +
                      QString::number(tcpserver->serverPort()));


    ui->actionStop->setEnabled(true);
    ui->actionJianTing->setEnabled(false);



    label->setText("监听状态：正在监听");
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButton_clicked()
{
    //发送一行字符串
    QString msg = ui->lineEdit->text();
    QByteArray str = msg.toUtf8();
    str.append("\n");
    //发送数据
    tcpSocket->write(str);
}

void MainWindow::on_actionStop_triggered()
{
    if(tcpserver->isListening()){
        tcpserver->close();
        ui->actionJianTing->setEnabled(true);
        ui->actionStop->setEnabled(false);
        label->setText("监听状态：停止监听");
    }

}

void MainWindow::on_actionClear_triggered()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->clear();
}

void MainWindow::on_actionExit_triggered()
{
    this->close();
}

4 代码实现客户端和服务器，并相互发送信号进行测试

在这里插入图片描述

  • 服务器代码就是案例3中的代码，注意，运行的时候，要同时打开两个QT界面
  • 客户端代码如下，过程基本上同案例3
#ifndef MAINWINDOW_H
#define MAINWINDOW_H

#include <QMainWindow>
#include <QTcpSocket>
#include <QLabel>

QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
namespace Ui { class MainWindow; }
QT_END_NAMESPACE

class MainWindow : public QMainWindow
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    MainWindow(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ~MainWindow();

private:
    Ui::MainWindow *ui;
    QTcpSocket *tcpScoket;
    QLabel *labelSocket;
private slots:
    void on_readyRead();
    void on_connected();
    void on_disonnected();
    void on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState);
    void on_actionConnect_triggered();
    void on_actionDisconnect_triggered();

    void on_actionClear_triggered();

    void on_actionExit_triggered();

    void on_pushButton_clicked();

protected:
    void closeEvent(QCloseEvent *event); //父类的虚函数，用于关闭窗口
};
#endif // MAINWINDOW_H


#include "mainwindow.h"
#include "ui_mainwindow.h"
#include <QHostAddress>
MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent)
    : QMainWindow(parent)
    , ui(new Ui::MainWindow)
{
    ui->setupUi(this);

    //创建客户端的套接字对象
    tcpScoket = new QTcpSocket(this);

    connect(tcpScoket,SIGNAL(connected()), this, SLOT(on_connected()));
    connect(tcpScoket,SIGNAL(disconnected()), this, SLOT(on_disonnected()));
    connect(tcpScoket,SIGNAL(stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)), this, SLOT(on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState)));
    connect(tcpScoket,SIGNAL(readyRead()), this, SLOT(on_readyRead()));


    labelSocket = new QLabel("套接字状态：");
    ui->statusbar->addWidget(labelSocket);
}

MainWindow::~MainWindow()
{
    delete ui;
}



void MainWindow::on_connected()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("已连接到服务器");
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("服务器地址：" +
                                       tcpScoket->peerAddress().toString());
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("服务器端口:" +
                                       QString::number(tcpScoket->peerPort()));

    ui->actionConnect->setEnabled(false);
    ui->actionDisconnect->setEnabled(true);

}

void MainWindow::on_disonnected()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("服务器断开");
    ui->actionConnect->setEnabled(true);
    ui->actionDisconnect->setEnabled(false);
}

void MainWindow::on_stateChanged(QAbstractSocket::SocketState status)
{
    switch(status){
        case QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：未连接");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::HostLookupState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：HostLookupState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ConnectingState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：ConnectingState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：ConnectedState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::BoundState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：BoundState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ListeningState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：ListeningState");
            break;
        case QAbstractSocket::ClosingState:
            labelSocket->setText("套接字状态：ClosingState");
            break;
    default:
        break;
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_readyRead()
{
    while(tcpScoket->canReadLine()){
        ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("收到 ： " + tcpScoket->readLine());
    }
}
void MainWindow::on_actionConnect_triggered()
{
    QString ip = ui->lineEditAdress->text();
    quint16  port = ui->spinBox->value();
    tcpScoket->connectToHost(ip,port);
}

void MainWindow::on_actionDisconnect_triggered()
{
    if(tcpScoket->state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState){
        tcpScoket->disconnectFromHost();
    }
}

void MainWindow::on_actionClear_triggered()
{
    ui->plainTextEdit->clear();
}

void MainWindow::on_actionExit_triggered()
{
    this->close();
}

void MainWindow::closeEvent(QCloseEvent *event)
{
    if(tcpScoket->state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState){
        tcpScoket->disconnectFromHost();
    }

    event->accept();
}

void MainWindow::on_pushButton_clicked()
{
    QString MSG = ui->lineEditDiliver->text();
    QByteArray str = MSG.toUtf8();
    str.append("\n");
    tcpScoket->write(str);

    ui->plainTextEdit->appendPlainText("发送：" + MSG);
    ui->lineEditDiliver->clear();
    ui->lineEditDiliver->setFocus();
}

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