Django工程获取请求参数的几种方式

在 Django 中获取请求参数的完整方法如下：

一、GET 请求参数获取

def view_func(request):
    # 获取单个参数（推荐方式）
    name = request.GET.get('name', 'default')  # 带默认值
    age = request.GET.get('age', 0)
    
    # 获取多个同名参数（如复选框）
    ids = request.GET.getlist('ids[]')  # 返回列表
    
    # 获取所有参数
    all_params = request.GET.dict()  # 返回字典

二、POST 请求参数获取

def view_func(request):
    # 表单数据获取
    if request.method == 'POST':
        username = request.POST.get('username')
        password = request.POST.get('password')
        
        # 处理多选数据
        hobbies = request.POST.getlist('hobbies')
        
        # 获取所有参数
        post_data = request.POST.dict()

三、JSON 请求体参数获取

import json

def view_func(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        try:
            data = json.loads(request.body)
            username = data.get('username')
            age = data.get('age')
        except json.JSONDecodeError:
            return HttpResponseBadRequest("Invalid JSON")

四、URL 路径参数获取

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('user/<int:user_id>/', views.user_detail),
]

# views.py
def user_detail(request, user_id):
    # 直接获取路径参数
    print(user_id)  # 自动转换为整数

五、文件上传处理

def upload_file(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        uploaded_file = request.FILES.get('myfile')
        if uploaded_file:
            # 保存文件到指定位置
            with open(f'uploads/{uploaded_file.name}', 'wb+') as destination:
                for chunk in uploaded_file.chunks():
                    destination.write(chunk)
            return HttpResponse("File uploaded")

六、请求头信息获取

def get_headers(request):
    user_agent = request.META.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')
    content_type = request.META.get('CONTENT_TYPE')
    auth_token = request.headers.get('Authorization')  # Django 2.2+

七、综合示例

def complex_example(request, product_id):
    # 1. 获取路径参数
    print(f"Product ID: {product_id}")
    
    # 2. 获取GET参数
    page = request.GET.get('page', 1)
    search = request.GET.get('q', '')
    
    # 3. 获取POST参数
    if request.method == 'POST':
        data = {
            'form_data': request.POST.dict(),
            'json_data': {}
        }
        
        # 4. 处理JSON数据
        if request.content_type == 'application/json':
            try:
                data['json_data'] = json.loads(request.body)
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass
    
    # 5. 获取文件
    uploaded_file = request.FILES.get('attachment')
    
    # 6. 获取请求头
    client_ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
    
    return JsonResponse(data)

八、注意事项

1. 参数类型转换

# 安全转换示例
def safe_conversion(request):
    page = request.GET.get('page', '1')
    try:
        page_num = int(page)
    except ValueError:
        page_num = 1
    
    is_admin = request.GET.get('admin', 'false').lower() == 'true'

2. 安全验证

from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied

def secure_view(request):
    # 验证必要参数存在
    if not all([request.GET.get('token'), request.POST.get('user_id')]):
        raise PermissionDenied
    
    # 参数白名单验证
    allowed_params = {'page', 'sort', 'filter'}
    if not set(request.GET.keys()).issubset(allowed_params):
        return HttpResponseBadRequest("Invalid parameters")

3. Django REST Framework 方式

# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers

class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    username = serializers.CharField()
    email = serializers.EmailField()

# views.py
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response

@api_view(['POST'])
def drf_example(request):
    serializer = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
    if serializer.is_valid():
        username = serializer.validated_data['username']
        return Response({'status': 'success'})
    return Response(serializer.errors, status=400)

九、参数获取方法对比

十、最佳实践建议

1. 始终对用户输入进行验证和清理
2. 优先使用 get() 方法避免 KeyError
3. 对数值型参数进行类型转换和范围验证
4. 使用 DRF 的 Serializer 处理复杂参数验证
5. 对敏感参数使用 HTTPS 传输
6. 限制 GET 参数的最大长度（Django 默认 2500 字符）

完整示例项目结构：

myproject/
├── myapp/
│   ├── views.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── serializers.py
├── utils/
│   └── param_utils.py
└── myproject/
    ├── settings.py
    └── urls.py