k8s中的认证授权
目录
一、kubernetes API 访问控制
1.1 UserAccount与ServiceAccount
1.1.1 ServiceAccount
1.1.2 ServiceAccount示例
二、认证(在k8s中建立认证用户)
2.1 创建UserAccount
2.2 RBAC(Role Based Access Control)
2.2.1 基于角色访问控制授权:
2.2.2 role授权实施
2.2.3 clusterrole授权实施
2.2.4 服务账户的自动化
一、kubernetes API 访问控制
Authentication(认证)
-
认证方式现共有8种,可以启用一种或多种认证方式,只要有一种认证方式通过,就不再进行其它方式的认证。通常启用X509 Client Certs和Service Accout Tokens两种认证方式。
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Kubernetes集群有两类用户:由Kubernetes管理的Service Accounts (服务账户)和(Users Accounts) 普通账户。k8s中账号的概念不是我们理解的账号,它并不真的存在,它只是形式上存在。
Authorization(授权)
-
必须经过认证阶段,才到授权请求,根据所有授权策略匹配请求资源属性,决定允许或拒绝请求。授权方式现共有6种,AlwaysDeny、AlwaysAllow、ABAC、RBAC、Webhook、Node。默认集群强制开启RBAC。
Admission Control(准入控制)
-
用于拦截请求的一种方式,运行在认证、授权之后,是权限认证链上的最后一环,对请求API资源对象进行修改和校验。
1.1 UserAccount与ServiceAccount
-
用户账户是针对人而言的。 服务账户是针对运行在 pod 中的进程而言的。
-
用户账户是全局性的。 其名称在集群各 namespace 中都是全局唯一的,未来的用户资源不会做 namespace 隔离, 服务账户是 namespace 隔离的。
-
集群的用户账户可能会从企业数据库进行同步,其创建需要特殊权限,并且涉及到复杂的业务流程。 服务账户创建的目的是为了更轻量,允许集群用户为了具体的任务创建服务账户 ( 即权限最小化原则 )。
1.1.1 ServiceAccount
-
服务账户控制器(Service account controller)
-
服务账户管理器管理各命名空间下的服务账户
-
每个活跃的命名空间下存在一个名为 “default” 的服务账户
-
-
服务账户准入控制器(Service account admission controller)
-
相似pod中 ServiceAccount默认设为 default。
-
保证 pod 所关联的 ServiceAccount 存在,否则拒绝该 pod。
-
如果pod不包含ImagePullSecrets设置那么ServiceAccount中的ImagePullSecrets 被添加到pod中
-
将挂载于 /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount 的 volumeSource 添加到 pod 下的每个容器中
-
将一个包含用于 API 访问的 token 的 volume 添加到 pod 中
-
1.1.2 ServiceAccount示例
建立名字为admin的ServiceAccount
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create sa xiaoding
serviceaccount/xiaoding created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe sa xiaoding
Name: xiaoding
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Image pull secrets: <none>
Mountable secrets: <none>
Tokens: <none>
Events: <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]#
建立secrets
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create secret docker-registry docker-login --docker-username admin --docker-password 123456 --docker-server reg.timingding.org --docker-email ding@timingding.org
secret/docker-login created
[root@k8s-master ~]#
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get secrets
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
auth-web Opaque 1 18h
docker-login kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson 1 81s
my-docker-auth kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson 1 16h
userlist Opaque 4 16h
web-tls-secret kubernetes.io/tls 2 18h
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe secrets docker-login
Name: docker-login
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Type: kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson
Data
====
.dockerconfigjson: 129 bytes
[root@k8s-master ~]#
将secrets注入到sa中
也可以直接指定到默认的default认证服务中
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit sa xiaoding
apiVersion: v1
imagePullSecrets:
- name: docker-login #添加这个,让它读取我们创建的secrets的资源
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-10T08:07:01Z"
name: xiaoding
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "123878"
uid: ba37d6ca-ecd7-4526-b957-b439c5e139c1
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe sa xiaoding
Name: xiaoding
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Image pull secrets: docker-login #注入资源了
Mountable secrets: <none>
Tokens: <none>
Events: <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]#
测试,拉取私有仓库中私有的镜像
没有注sa认证的default:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run testpod --image reg.timingding.org/ding/nginx
pod/testpod created
镜像拉取不到:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
testpod 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 8s
给default注入sa:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit sa default
apiVersion: v1
imagePullSecrets: #添加创建的sa认证
- name: docker-login
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2024-09-09T02:34:53Z"
name: default
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "125663"
uid: 4806e111-b158-4e0b-8b6f-efdc8b0f939c
再次去拉取镜像使用:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run testpod --image reg.timingding.org/ding/nginx
pod/testpod created
此时就可以拉取,并使用了:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
testpod 1/1 Running 0 4s
取消认证之后又会拉取不到
也可以在yaml文件中设定:
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim example1.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: testpod
spec:
serviceAccountName: xiaoding
containers:
- image: reg.timingding.org/ding/nginx:latest
name: testpod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f example1.yml
pod/testpod created
[root@k8s-master auth]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
testpod 1/1 Running 0 2s
这样也是可以的
二、认证(在k8s中建立认证用户)
2.1 创建UserAccount
查看有本身k8s中的用户:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl config view
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: DATA+OMITTED
server: https://172.25.254.100:6443
name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: kubernetes
user: kubernetes-admin
name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: kubernetes-admin
user:
client-certificate-data: DATA+OMITTED
client-key-data: DATA+OMITTED
[root@k8s-master ~]#
k8s中的认证文件位置:
[root@k8s-master ~]# cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/
[root@k8s-master pki]# ls
apiserver.crt etcd
apiserver-etcd-client.crt front-proxy-ca.crt
apiserver-etcd-client.key front-proxy-ca.key
apiserver.key front-proxy-client.crt
apiserver-kubelet-client.crt front-proxy-client.key
apiserver-kubelet-client.key sa.key
ca.crt sa.pub
ca.key
[root@k8s-master pki]#
建立认证key:
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl genrsa -out timingding.key 2048
[root@k8s-master pki]#
建立证书:
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl req -new -key timingding.key -out timingding.csr -subj "/CN=timingding"
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl x509 -req -in timingding.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out timingding.crt -days 365
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=CN = timingding
[root@k8s-master pki]#
查看证书:
[root@k8s-master pki]# openssl x509 -in timingding.crt -text -noout
#建立k8s中的用户
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config set-credentials timingding --client-certificate /etc/kubernetes/pki/timingding.crt --client-key /etc/kubernetes/pki/timingding.key --embed-certs=true #相当于把证书写到了 /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf里面
User "timingding" set.
[root@k8s-master pki]#
[root@k8s-master pki]# cat /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
现在就能看到你新创建的用户:
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config view
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: DATA+OMITTED
server: https://172.25.254.100:6443
name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: kubernetes
user: kubernetes-admin
name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: kubernetes-admin
user:
client-certificate-data: DATA+OMITTED
client-key-data: DATA+OMITTED
- name: timingding
user:
client-certificate-data: DATA+OMITTED
client-key-data: DATA+OMITTED
[root@k8s-master pki]#
映射用户名,为用户名创建集群的安全上下文
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config set-context timingding@kubernetes --cluster kubernetes --user timingding
Context "timingding@kubernetes" created.
[root@k8s-master pki]#
切换用户,用户在集群中只有用户身份没有授权:
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl config use-context timingding@kubernetes
Switched to context "timingding@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master pki]#
现在看不到资源,因为还没用通过授权:
[root@k8s-master pki]# kubectl get pods
Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User "timingding" cannot list resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "default"
[root@k8s-master pki]#
2.2 RBAC(Role Based Access Control)
2.2.1 基于角色访问控制授权:
-
允许管理员通过Kubernetes API动态配置授权策略。RBAC就是用户通过角色与权限进行关联。
-
RBAC只有授权,没有拒绝授权,所以只需要定义允许该用户做什么即可
-
RBAC的三个基本概念
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Subject:被作用者,它表示k8s中的三类主体, user, group, serviceAccount
-
-
Role:角色,它其实是一组规则,定义了一组对 Kubernetes API 对象的操作权限。
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RoleBinding:定义了“被作用者”和“角色”的绑定关系
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RBAC包括四种类型:Role、ClusterRole、RoleBinding、ClusterRoleBinding
-
Role 和 ClusterRole
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Role是一系列的权限的集合,Role只能授予单个namespace 中资源的访问权限。
-
-
ClusterRole 跟 Role 类似,但是可以在集群中全局使用。
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Kubernetes 还提供了四个预先定义好的 ClusterRole 来供用户直接使用
-
cluster-amdin、admin、edit、view
2.2.2 role授权实施
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create role myrole --dry-run=client --verb=get --resource pods -o yaml > myrole.yml
[root@k8s-master ~]#
[root@k8s-master ~]#
[root@k8s-master ~]# vim myrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: myrole
rules:
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- get
- watch
- list
- create
- update
- path
- delete
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f myrole.yml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/myrole created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe role myrole
Name: myrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
PolicyRule:
Resources Non-Resource URLs Resource Names Verbs
--------- ----------------- -------------- -----
pods [] [] [get watch list create update path delete]
[root@k8s-master ~]
建立角色绑定:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create rolebinding timingding --role myrole --namespace default --user xiaoding --dry-run=client -o yaml > rolebinding-myrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim rolebinding-myrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: timingding
namespace: default #角色绑定必须要指定namespace
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: myrole
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: User
name: timingding
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl apply -f rolebinding-myrole.yml
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/xiaoding created
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get rolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io xiaoding
NAME ROLE AGE
xiaoding Role/myrole 14s
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
切换用户测试授权:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl config use-context timingding@kubernetes
Switched to context "timingding@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get pods
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
只授权了pod:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl run testpod --image myapp:v1
pod/testpod created
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
testpod 1/1 Running 0 6s
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
2.2.3 clusterrole授权实施
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create clusterrole myclusterrole --resource=deployment --verb get --dry-run=client -o yaml > myclusterrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim myclusterrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: myclusterrole
rules:
- apiGroups:
- apps
resources:
- deployments
verbs:
- get
- list
- watch
- create
- update
- path
- delete
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- get
- list
- watch
- create
- update
- path
- delete
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl apply -f myclusterrole.yml
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/myclusterrole created
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl describe clusterrole myclusterrole
Name: myclusterrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
PolicyRule:
Resources Non-Resource URLs Resource Names Verbs
--------- ----------------- -------------- -----
pods [] [] [get list watch create update path delete]
deployments.apps [] [] [get list watch create update path delete]
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
建立集群绑定角色:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl create clusterrolebinding clusterrolebind-myclusterrole --clusterrole myclusterrole --user timingding --dry-run=client -o yaml > clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# vim clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: myclusterrole
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: User
name: timingding
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl describe clusterrolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
Name: clusterrolebind-myclusterrole
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Role:
Kind: ClusterRole
Name: myclusterrole
Subjects:
Kind Name Namespace
---- ---- ---------
User timingding
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
测试:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl config use-context timingding@kubernetes
Switched to context "timingding@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get pods -A
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get deployments.apps -A
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl get svc -A
Error from server (Forbidden): services is forbidden: User "timingding" cannot list resource "services" in API group "" at the cluster scope
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
切换为原来用户:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl config use-context kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
Switched to context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master rbac]#
资源回收:
资源回收:
[root@k8s-master rbac]# ls
clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml myclusterrole.yml rolebinding-myrole.yml
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl delete -f clusterrolebind-myclusterrole.yml
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "clusterrolebind-myclusterrole" deleted
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl delete -f myclusterrole.yml
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "myclusterrole" deleted
[root@k8s-master rbac]# kubectl delete -f rolebinding-myrole.yml
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "timingding" deleted
[root@k8s-master rbac]# cd
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete -f myrole.yml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "myrole" deleted
2.2.4 服务账户的自动化
服务账户准入控制器(Service account admission controller)
-
如果该 pod 没有 ServiceAccount 设置,将其 ServiceAccount 设为 default。
-
保证 pod 所关联的 ServiceAccount 存在,否则拒绝该 pod。
-
如果 pod 不包含 ImagePullSecrets 设置,那么 将 ServiceAccount 中的 ImagePullSecrets 信息添加到 pod 中。
-
将一个包含用于 API 访问的 token 的 volume 添加到 pod 中。
-
将挂载于 /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount 的 volumeSource 添加到 pod 下的每个容器中。
服务账户控制器(Service account controller)
服务账户管理器管理各命名空间下的服务账户,并且保证每个活跃的命名空间下存在一个名为 “default” 的服务账户