241113.学习日志——[CSDIY] [ByteDance] 后端训练营 [02]

CSDIY：这是一个非科班学生的努力之路，从今天开始这个系列会长期更新，（最好做到日更），我会慢慢把自己目前对CS的努力逐一上传，帮助那些和我一样有着梦想的玩家取得胜利！！！
第一弹：Cpp零基础学习【30 DAYS 从0到1】
第二弹：Cpp刷题文档【LeetCode】
第三弹：Go开发入门【字节后端青训营】

ByteDance青训营 后端方向 00 Go 语言入门
Go 语言快速上手

1.2 什么是 Go 语言

1. 高性能、高并发
2. 语法简单、学习曲线平缓（入门到开发项目只需要一周时间）
3. 丰富的标准库（类似 Cpp 有很多标准库，减少第三方库的使用）
4. 完善的的工具链（代码补充、代码管理等）
5. 静态链接（只需要一个可执行文件即可，部署方便）
6. 快速编译
7. 跨平台（跨Window/Linux/Unix/Mac）
8. 垃圾回收（自动内存分配和释放）

1.2 哪些公司在用

• ByteDance
• Google
• Tencent
• facebook
• DiDi
• Bilibili
• Meituan

1.3 为什么 ByteDance 使用 Go

1. C++不适合在线Web
2. 性能优秀、部署简单、学习成本低
3. 内部 RPC 和 HTTP 框架的推广

2.1 开发环境

• Golang

2.2 基础语法

Hello World

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}

变量

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func main() {

	var a = "initial"

	var b, c int = 1, 2

	var d = true

	var e float64

	f := float32(e)

	g := a + "foo"
	fmt.Println(a, b, c, d, e, f) // initial 1 2 true 0 0
	fmt.Println(g)                // initialapple

	const s string = "constant"
	const h = 500000000
	const i = 3e20 / h
	fmt.Println(s, h, i, math.Sin(h), math.Sin(i))
}

if else

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	if 7%2 == 0 {
		fmt.Println("7 is even")
	} else {
		fmt.Println("7 is odd")
	}

	if 8%4 == 0 {
		fmt.Println("8 is divisible by 4")
	}

	if num := 9; num < 0 {
		fmt.Println(num, "is negative")
	} else if num < 10 {
		fmt.Println(num, "has 1 digit")
	} else {
		fmt.Println(num, "has multiple digits")
	}
}

循环

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	i := 1
	for {
		fmt.Println("loop")
		break
	}
	for j := 7; j < 9; j++ {
		fmt.Println(j)
	}

	for n := 0; n < 5; n++ {
		if n%2 == 0 {
			continue
		}
		fmt.Println(n)
	}
	for i <= 3 {
		fmt.Println(i)
		i = i + 1
	}
}

switch

自动执行break

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)

func main() {

	a := 2
	switch a {
	case 1:
		fmt.Println("one")
	case 2:
		fmt.Println("two")
	case 3:
		fmt.Println("three")
	case 4, 5:
		fmt.Println("four or five")
	default:
		fmt.Println("other")
	}

	t := time.Now()
	switch {
	case t.Hour() < 12:
		fmt.Println("It's before noon")
	default:
		fmt.Println("It's after noon")
	}
}

数组

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	var a [5]int
	a[4] = 100
	fmt.Println("get:", a[2])
	fmt.Println("len:", len(a))

	b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
	fmt.Println(b)

	var twoD [2][3]int
	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
		for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
			twoD[i][j] = i + j
		}
	}
	fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}

切片

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	s := make([]string, 3)	// 创建切片 S
	s[0] = "a"
	s[1] = "b"
	s[2] = "c"
	fmt.Println("get:", s[2])   // c
	fmt.Println("len:", len(s)) // 3

	s = append(s, "d")
	s = append(s, "e", "f")
	fmt.Println(s) // [a b c d e f]

	c := make([]string, len(s))
	copy(c, s)
	fmt.Println(c) // [a b c d e f]

	fmt.Println(s[2:5]) // [c d e]	从 2 到 5（不含）
	fmt.Println(s[:5])  // [a b c d e]
	fmt.Println(s[2:])  // [c d e f]

	good := []string{"g", "o", "o", "d"}
	fmt.Println(good) // [g o o d]
}

map

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	m := make(map[string]int)
	m["one"] = 1
	m["two"] = 2
	fmt.Println(m)           // map[one:1 two:2]
	fmt.Println(len(m))      // 2
	fmt.Println(m["one"])    // 1
	fmt.Println(m["unknow"]) // 0

	r, ok := m["unknow"]
	fmt.Println(r, ok) // 0 false

	delete(m, "one")

	m2 := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
	var m3 = map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
	fmt.Println(m2, m3)
}

range

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	nums := []int{2, 3, 4}
	sum := 0
	for i, num := range nums {
		sum += num
		if num == 2 {
			fmt.Println("index:", i, "num:", num) // index: 0 num: 2
		}
	}
	fmt.Println(sum) // 9

	m := map[string]string{"a": "A", "b": "B"}
	for k, v := range m {
		fmt.Println(k, v) // b 8; a A
	}
	for k := range m {
		fmt.Println("key", k) // key a; key b
	}
}

函数

函数会有两个结果（一个是函数返回值，一个是错误结果）

package main

import "fmt"

func add(a int, b int) int {
	return a + b
}

func add2(a, b int) int {
	return a + b
}

func exists(m map[string]string, k string) (v string, ok bool) {
	v, ok = m[k]
	return v, ok	// 两个返回值 ok 表示错误结果
}

func main() {
	res := add(1, 2)
	fmt.Println(res) // 3

	v, ok := exists(map[string]string{"a": "A"}, "a")
	fmt.Println(v, ok) // A True
}

指针

package main

import "fmt"

// 实际上无效， 因为传入的是copy的参数
func add2(n int) {
	n += 2
}

func add2ptr(n *int) {
	*n += 2
}

func main() {
	n := 5
	add2(n)
	fmt.Println(n) // 5
	add2ptr(&n)
	fmt.Println(n) // 7
}

结构体

package main

import "fmt"

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

func main() {
    // 初始化结构体变量
	a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
	b := user{"wang", "1024"}
	c := user{name: "wang"}
	c.password = "1024"
	var d user
    // 像 C 语言一样初始化、赋值操作
	d.name = "wang"
	d.password = "1024"

	fmt.Println(a, b, c, d)                 // {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024}
	fmt.Println(checkPassword(a, "haha"))   // false
	fmt.Println(checkPassword2(&a, "haha")) // false
}

func checkPassword(u user, password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

func checkPassword2(u *user, password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

结构体方法

package main

import "fmt"

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

// 结构体函数
func (u user) checkPassword(password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

func (u *user) resetPassword(password string) {
	u.password = password
}

func main() {
	a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
	a.resetPassword("2048")
	fmt.Println(a.checkPassword("2048")) // true
}

错误处理

对于可能发生错误的函数，可以返回一个错误信息，结合 if else 提高性能

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
)

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

func findUser(users []user, name string) (v *user, err error) {
	for _, u := range users {
		if u.name == name {
			return &u, nil
		}
	}
	return nil, errors.New("not found")
}

func main() {
	u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "wang")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		return
	}
	fmt.Println(u.name) // wang

	if u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "li"); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err) // not found
		return
	} else {
		fmt.Println(u.name)
	}
}

字符串处理

go 语言字符串可以直接相加结合

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	a := "hello"
	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, "ll"))                // true
	fmt.Println(strings.Count(a, "l"))                    // 2
	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix(a, "he"))               // true
	fmt.Println(strings.HasSuffix(a, "llo"))              // true
	fmt.Println(strings.Index(a, "ll"))                   // 2
	fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{"he", "llo"}, "-")) // he-llo
	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat(a, 2))                     // hellohello
	fmt.Println(strings.Replace(a, "e", "E", -1))         // hEllo
	fmt.Println(strings.Split("a-b-c", "-"))              // [a b c]
	fmt.Println(strings.ToLower(a))                       // hello
	fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(a))                       // HELLO
	fmt.Println(len(a))                                   // 5
	b := "你好"
	fmt.Println(len(b)) // 6
}

字符串格式化

可以用 %v 通用表示：字符串，数字，结构体值

%+v打印：结构体字段名字、值

%#v打印：结构体名称、字段名字、值

也可以用 %.2f 打印小数点

package main

import "fmt"

type point struct {
	x, y int
}

func main() {
	s := "hello"
	n := 123
	p := point{1, 2}
	fmt.Println(s, n) // hello 123
	fmt.Println(p)    // {1 2}

	fmt.Printf("s=%v\n", s)  // s=hello
	fmt.Printf("n=%v\n", n)  // n=123
	fmt.Printf("p=%v\n", p)  // p={1 2}
	fmt.Printf("p=%+v\n", p) // p={x:1 y:2}
	fmt.Printf("p=%#v\n", p) // p=main.point{x:1, y:2}

	f := 3.141592653
	fmt.Println(f)          // 3.141592653
	fmt.Printf("%.2f\n", f) // 3.14
}

JSON 处理

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
)

type userInfo struct {
	Name  string
	Age   int `json:"age"`
	Hobby []string
}

func main() {
	a := userInfo{Name: "wang", Age: 18, Hobby: []string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(a)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(buf)         // [123 34 78 97...]
	fmt.Println(string(buf)) // {"Name":"wang","age":18,"Hobby":["Golang","TypeScript"]}

	buf, err = json.MarshalIndent(a, "", "\t")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(string(buf))

	var b userInfo
	err = json.Unmarshal(buf, &b)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%#v\n", b) // main.userInfo{Name:"wang", Age:18, Hobby:[]string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
}

时间处理

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	now := time.Now()
	fmt.Println(now) // 2022-03-27 18:04:59.433297 +0800 CST m=+0.000087933
	t := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 1, 25, 36, 0, time.UTC)
	t2 := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 2, 30, 36, 0, time.UTC)
	fmt.Println(t)                                                  // 2022-03-27 01:25:36 +0000 UTC
	fmt.Println(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), t.Minute()) // 2022 March 27 1 25
	fmt.Println(t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"))                    // 2022-03-27 01:25:36
    // 可以计算两个时间之间的时间段
	diff := t2.Sub(t)
	fmt.Println(diff)                           // 1h5m0s
	fmt.Println(diff.Minutes(), diff.Seconds()) // 65 3900
    // 可以将字符串解析为时间戳
	t3, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", "2022-03-27 01:25:36")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(t3 == t)    // true
	fmt.Println(now.Unix()) // 1648738080
}

数字解析

数字和字符串互相转化

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
)

func main() {
	f, _ := strconv.ParseFloat("1.234", 64)
	fmt.Println(f) // 1.234

	n, _ := strconv.ParseInt("111", 10, 64)
	fmt.Println(n) // 111

	n, _ = strconv.ParseInt("0x1000", 0, 64)
	fmt.Println(n) // 4096

	n2, _ := strconv.Atoi("123")
	fmt.Println(n2) // 123

	n2, err := strconv.Atoi("AAA")
	fmt.Println(n2, err) // 0 strconv.Atoi: parsing "AAA": invalid syntax
}

进程信息

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
)

func main() {
	// go run example/20-env/main.go a b c d
	fmt.Println(os.Args)           // [/var/folders/8p/n34xxfnx38dg8bv_x8l62t_m0000gn/T/go-build3406981276/b001/exe/main a b c d]
    // 环境变量
	fmt.Println(os.Getenv("PATH")) // /usr/local/go/bin...
	fmt.Println(os.Setenv("AA", "BB"))
    
    // 输入输出
	buf, err := exec.Command("grep", "127.0.0.1", "/etc/hosts").CombinedOutput()
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(string(buf)) // 127.0.0.1       localhost
}

3.1 猜谜游戏

3.1.1 生成随机数

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
    // 使用 rand 包来生成随机数
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)
}

输出发现每次产生的随机数都会生成相同的数字，需要加上随机数种子

3.1.2 生成随机数 V2

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
    // 添加时间随机数种子，达到随机目的
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)
}

3.1.3 读取用户输入

package main

import (
	"bufio"	// 读取输入输出的包
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

	fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
    // 读取用户一行输入
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
		return
	}
    // 去掉换行符
	input = strings.Trim(input, "\r\n")
    
    // 字符串转换为数字：Atoi
	guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
    // 转换失败的时候 输出错误消息
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
		return
	}
	fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
}

3.1.4 实现判断逻辑

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

	fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
		return
	}
	input = strings.Trim(input, "\r\n")

	guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
		return
	}
	fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
	if guess > secretNumber {
		fmt.Println("Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again")
	} else if guess < secretNumber {
		fmt.Println("Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again")
	} else {
		fmt.Println("Correct, you Legend!")
	}
}

添加了是否判断正确的逻辑，但是用户只能输入一次，此时需要考虑添加循环，实现用户多次输入。

3.1.5 实现游戏循环

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
    // 屏蔽随机数结果
	// fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

	fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
    fmt.scanf("&num")
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	for {
		input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
            // 出错的时候继续下一次循环
			continue
		}
		input = strings.Trim(input, "\r\n")

		guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
            // 出错的时候继续下一次循环
			continue
		}
		fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
		if guess > secretNumber {
			fmt.Println("Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again")
		} else if guess < secretNumber {
			fmt.Println("Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again")
		} else {
			fmt.Println("Correct, you Legend!")
            // 成功时 break 跳出循环
			break
		}
	}
}

3.2 在线词典

调用第三方 API 进行在线查询

3.2.1 抓包

调用 API : https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/#/

curl 'https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict' \
  -H 'accept: application/json, text/plain, */*' \
  -H 'accept-language: zh' \
  -H 'app-name: xiaoyi' \
  -H 'authorization: Bearer' \
  -H 'content-type: application/json;charset=UTF-8' \
  -H 'device-id: d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88' \
  -H 'origin: https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com' \
  -H 'os-type: web' \
  -H 'os-version;' \
  -H 'priority: u=1, i' \
  -H 'referer: https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua: "Chromium";v="130", "Google Chrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-dest: empty' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-mode: cors' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-site: cross-site' \
  -H 'sec-gpc: 1' \
  -H 'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36' \
  -H 'x-authorization: token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi' \
  --data-raw '{"trans_type":"en2zh","source":"hello"}'

3.2.2 代码生成

将上面的代码转化为 go 语言代码

代码生成：https://curlconverter.com/go/

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
	var data = strings.NewReader(`{"trans_type":"en2zh","source":"hello"}`)
    // 创建请求：POST请求头，data流
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
    // 设置请求头
	req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("accept-language", "zh")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xiaoyi")
	req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer")
	req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88")
	req.Header.Set("origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("priority", "u=1, i")
	req.Header.Set("referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua", `"Chromium";v="130", "Google Chrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-platform", `"Windows"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("sec-gpc", "1")
	req.Header.Set("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("x-authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
    // 发起请求：返回resp和err
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
    // 如果产生err会直接退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
    // 收到相应后立马关闭
	defer resp.Body.Close()
    // 读取响应
	bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    // 响应err也会退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

3.2.3 生成 request body

添加 JSON 字段 和 3.2.2 输出结果应当相同

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
    // 初始化 request 结构变量
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: "hello"}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
    // 转化为 data
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
    
	// 创建请求：POST请求头，data流
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 设置请求头
	req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("accept-language", "zh")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xiaoyi")
	req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer")
	req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88")
	req.Header.Set("origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("priority", "u=1, i")
	req.Header.Set("referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua", `"Chromium";v="130", "Google Chrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-platform", `"Windows"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("sec-gpc", "1")
	req.Header.Set("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("x-authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	// 发起请求：返回resp和err
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	// 如果产生err会直接退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 收到相应后立马关闭
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	// 读取响应
	bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	// 响应err也会退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

3.2.4 解析 response body

代码生成：https://oktools.iokde.com/json2go

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

type DictResponse struct {
	Rc   int `json:"rc"`
	Wiki struct {
		KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
		Description     struct {
			Source string      `json:"source"`
			Target interface{} `json:"target"`
		} `json:"description"`
		ID   string `json:"id"`
		Item struct {
			Source string `json:"source"`
			Target string `json:"target"`
		} `json:"item"`
		ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
		IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
		Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
	} `json:"wiki"`
	Dictionary struct {
		Prons struct {
			EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
			En   string `json:"en"`
		} `json:"prons"`
		Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
		Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
		Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
		WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
		Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
		Type         string        `json:"type"`
		Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
		Source       string        `json:"source"`
	} `json:"dictionary"`
}

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
	// 初始化 request 结构变量
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: "hello"}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 转化为 data
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)

	// 创建请求：POST请求头，data流
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 设置请求头
	req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("accept-language", "zh")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xiaoyi")
	req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer")
	req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88")
	req.Header.Set("origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("priority", "u=1, i")
	req.Header.Set("referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua", `"Chromium";v="130", "Google Chrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-platform", `"Windows"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("sec-gpc", "1")
	req.Header.Set("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("x-authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	// 发起请求：返回resp和err
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	// 如果产生err会直接退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 收到相应后立马关闭
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	// 读取响应
	bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	// 响应err也会退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
	var dictResponse DictResponse
	err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%#v\n", dictResponse)
}

3.2.5 打印结果/完善代码

// 简易单词在线查询
// 请在新建终端中进行操作
// 输入参数：1：go run "d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go" 2：单词 空格间隔
// 输入样例：go run "d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go" hello
// 输出样例：hello UK: [ˈheˈləu] US: [həˈlo]
//			int.喂;哈罗
//			n.引人注意的呼声
//			v.向人呼(喂)

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"os"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

type DictResponse struct {
	Rc   int `json:"rc"`
	Wiki struct {
		KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
		Description     struct {
			Source string      `json:"source"`
			Target interface{} `json:"target"`
		} `json:"description"`
		ID   string `json:"id"`
		Item struct {
			Source string `json:"source"`
			Target string `json:"target"`
		} `json:"item"`
		ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
		IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
		Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
	} `json:"wiki"`
	Dictionary struct {
		Prons struct {
			EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
			En   string `json:"en"`
		} `json:"prons"`
		Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
		Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
		Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
		WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
		Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
		Type         string        `json:"type"`
		Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
		Source       string        `json:"source"`
	} `json:"dictionary"`
}

func query(word string) {
	client := &http.Client{}
	// 初始化 request 结构变量
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: word}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 转化为 data
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)

	// 创建请求：POST请求头，data流
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 设置请求头
	req.Header.Set("accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("accept-language", "zh")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xiaoyi")
	req.Header.Set("authorization", "Bearer")
	req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88")
	req.Header.Set("origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("priority", "u=1, i")
	req.Header.Set("referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua", `"Chromium";v="130", "Google Chrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-platform", `"Windows"`)
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("sec-fetch-site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("sec-gpc", "1")
	req.Header.Set("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("x-authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	// 发起请求：返回resp和err
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	// 如果产生err会直接退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 收到相应后立马关闭
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	// 读取响应
	bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	// 响应err也会退出进程
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// 防御性编程，有可能是404等出错码
	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
		log.Fatal("bad StatusCode:", resp.StatusCode, string(bodyText))
	}
	// fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
	var dictResponse DictResponse
	err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// fmt.Printf("%#v\n", dictResponse)
	fmt.Println(word, "UK:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.En, "US:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.EnUs)
	for _, item := range dictResponse.Dictionary.Explanations {
		fmt.Println(item)
	}
}

// 主函数
func main() {
	// 输入参数：1：go run "d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go" 2：单词 空格间隔
	// 输入样例：go run "d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go" hello
    // 若样例不足两个，返回错误，退出进程
	if len(os.Args) != 2 {
		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `usage: simpleDict WORD
example: simpleDict hello
		`)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	word := os.Args[1]
	query(word)
}

3.3 SOCKS5 代理服务器

某些企业为了网络安全会拥有自己的代理服务器

原理：

3.3.1 TCP echo server

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"log"
	"net"
)

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
        // 启动一个子线程进行开销
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
    // 关闭链接，生命周期相等
	defer conn.Close()
    // 创建带缓冲流
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
    // for死循环
	for {
		b, err := reader.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
        // 写入一个字节
		_, err = conn.Write([]byte{b})
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
	}
}

3.3.2 auth

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypeIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
	err := auth(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
	log.Println("auth success")
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
	// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
	// METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
	// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
	// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

	ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
	}
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
	methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
	}
	method := make([]byte, methodSize)
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
	}
	log.Println("ver", ver, "method", method)
	// +----+--------+
	// |VER | METHOD |
	// +----+--------+
	// | 1  |   1    |
	// +----+--------+
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

3.3.3 请求阶段

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypeIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
	err := auth(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
	err = connect(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
	// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
	// METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
	// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
	// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

	ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
	}
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
	methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
	}
	method := make([]byte, methodSize)
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
	}

	// +----+--------+
	// |VER | METHOD |
	// +----+--------+
	// | 1  |   1    |
	// +----+--------+
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// |VER | CMD |  RSV  | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// VER 版本号，socks5的值为0x05
	// CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求
	// RSV 保留字段，值为0x00
	// ATYP 目标地址类型，DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。
	//   0x01表示IPv4地址，DST.ADDR为4个字节
	//   0x03表示域名，DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名
	// DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值
	// DST.PORT 目标端口，固定2个字节

	buf := make([]byte, 4)
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read header failed:%w", err)
	}
	ver, cmd, atyp := buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
	if cmd != cmdBind {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported cmd:%v", cmd)
	}
	addr := ""
	switch atyp {
	case atypeIPV4:
		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read atyp failed:%w", err)
		}
		addr = fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])
	case atypeHOST:
		hostSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read hostSize failed:%w", err)
		}
		host := make([]byte, hostSize)
		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, host)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read host failed:%w", err)
		}
		addr = string(host)
	case atypeIPV6:
		return errors.New("IPv6: no supported yet")
	default:
		return errors.New("invalid atyp")
	}
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read port failed:%w", err)
	}
	port := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])

	log.Println("dial", addr, port)

	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// |VER | REP |  RSV  | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// VER socks版本，这里为0x05
	// REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded
	// RSV 保留字段
	// ATYPE 地址类型
	// BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址
	// BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

3.3.4 relay 阶段

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"context"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypeIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
	err := auth(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
	err = connect(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
	// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
	// METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
	// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
	// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

	ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
	}
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
	methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
	}
	method := make([]byte, methodSize)
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
	}

	// +----+--------+
	// |VER | METHOD |
	// +----+--------+
	// | 1  |   1    |
	// +----+--------+
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// |VER | CMD |  RSV  | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// VER 版本号，socks5的值为0x05
	// CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求
	// RSV 保留字段，值为0x00
	// ATYP 目标地址类型，DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。
	//   0x01表示IPv4地址，DST.ADDR为4个字节
	//   0x03表示域名，DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名
	// DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值
	// DST.PORT 目标端口，固定2个字节

	buf := make([]byte, 4)
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read header failed:%w", err)
	}
	ver, cmd, atyp := buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
	if cmd != cmdBind {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported cmd:%v", cmd)
	}
	addr := ""
	switch atyp {
	case atypeIPV4:
		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read atyp failed:%w", err)
		}
		addr = fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])
	case atypeHOST:
		hostSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read hostSize failed:%w", err)
		}
		host := make([]byte, hostSize)
		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, host)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("read host failed:%w", err)
		}
		addr = string(host)
	case atypeIPV6:
		return errors.New("IPv6: no supported yet")
	default:
		return errors.New("invalid atyp")
	}
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read port failed:%w", err)
	}
	port := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])

	dest, err := net.Dial("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%v:%v", addr, port))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("dial dst failed:%w", err)
	}
	defer dest.Close()
	log.Println("dial", addr, port)

	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// |VER | REP |  RSV  | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
	// +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
	// VER socks版本，这里为0x05
	// REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded
	// RSV 保留字段
	// ATYPE 地址类型
	// BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址
	// BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed: %w", err)
	}
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	defer cancel()

	go func() {
		_, _ = io.Copy(dest, reader)
		cancel()
	}()
	go func() {
		_, _ = io.Copy(conn, dest)
		cancel()
	}()

	<-ctx.Done()
	return nil
}