RIP协议在简单网络架构的使用

注意：本文的配置为上文《复杂园区网基本分支的构建》拓展，主要记录rip协议在简单网络架构的使用。

RIP（Routing Information Protocol，路由信息协议）是一种基于距离向量算法的内部网关协议（IGP），用于在局域网或广域网中交换路由信息。

基本概念

• 距离向量算法：RIP使用距离向量算法来计算到达目的地的最佳路径。每个路由器维护一个路由表，记录到达每个目的地的距离和下一跳路由器。距离通常以跳数（hop count）来表示。
• 跳数（Hop Count）：RIP使用跳数作为度量标准，跳数表示从源到目的地之间经过的路由器数量。RIP协议的最大跳数限制为15跳，超过15跳的网络被视为不可达。

路由更新机制

• 定期广播：RIP路由器每隔30秒向相邻路由器广播自己的路由表信息。这种定期广播机制确保网络中的路由信息能够及时更新。
• 触发更新：当路由器的路由表发生变化时（如发现更优路径或路径失效），会立即向相邻路由器发送触发更新，以快速传播路由变化信息。
• 水平分割（Split Horizon）：为避免路由环路，RIP采用水平分割技术。一个路由器不会向其接收路由信息的接口发送相同的路由信息。
• 毒性逆转（Poison Reverse）：当路由器从某个接口接收到路由信息后，会将该路由的跳数设置为无穷大（通常为16），再从该接口发送出去，以防止路由环路。
• 计时器：
  • 路由超时计时器：如果在180秒内未收到某个路由的更新信息，该路由将被标记为不可达。
  • 垃圾收集计时器：被标记为不可达的路由会在300秒后从路由表中删除。

特点与局限性

• 优点：
  • 实现简单：RIP协议结构简单，易于实现和维护。
  • 适合小型网络：对于小型网络或拓扑结构相对稳定的网络，RIP能够有效工作。
• 缺点：
  • 收敛速度慢：由于定期广播和跳数限制，RIP在大型网络或拓扑变化频繁的网络中收敛速度较慢。
  • 路径选择有限：最大跳数限制为15跳，限制了RIP在大型网络中的应用。
  • 路由环路风险：在复杂网络中，RIP容易产生路由环路，尽管有水平分割和毒性逆转等机制来减少环路风险，但无法完全避免。

RIP协议适用于小型、稳定的网络环境，对于大型或拓扑变化频繁的网络，通常会选择其他更先进的路由协议，如OSPF（开放最短路径优先）或EIGRP（增强内部网关路由协议）等。

场景模拟

网络拓扑

配置新加的接口

<R-1>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R-1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/3
[R-1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]ip address 10.0.0.9 30
[R-1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]quit
[R-1]quit
<R-1>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 17.
Save the configuration successfully.
<R-1>
<R-1>

<R-3>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R-3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/3
[R-3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]ip address 10.0.0.10 30
[R-3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]quit
[R-3]quit
<R-3>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 17.
Save the configuration successfully.
<R-3>

配置rip并测试

<RS-1>sys	
<RS-1>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[RS-1]rip 1
[RS-1-rip-1]version 2
[RS-1-rip-1]network 192.168.100.0
[RS-1-rip-1]network 192.168.101.0
[RS-1-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[RS-1-rip-1]quit
[RS-1]quit
<RS-1>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 0.
Save the configuration successfully.
<RS-1>

<RS-2>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[RS-2]rip 1
[RS-2-rip-1]version 2	
[RS-2-rip-1]network 192.168.102.0
[RS-2-rip-1]network 192.168.103.0
[RS-2-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[RS-2-rip-1]quit
[RS-2]quit
<RS-2>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 0.
Save the configuration successfully.
<RS-2>

<RS-3>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[RS-3]rip 1
[RS-3-rip-1]version 2
[RS-3-rip-1]network 192.168.104.0
[RS-3-rip-1]network 192.168.105.0
[RS-3-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[RS-3-rip-1]quit
[RS-3]quit
<RS-3>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 0.
Save the configuration successfully.
<RS-3>

<RS-4>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[RS-4]rip 1
[RS-4-rip-1]version 2
[RS-4-rip-1]network 192.168.106.0
[RS-4-rip-1]network 192.168.107.0
[RS-4-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[RS-4-rip-1]quit
[RS-4]quit
<RS-4>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 0.
Save the configuration successfully.
<RS-4>

<R-1>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R-1]rip 1
[R-1-rip-1]version 2
[R-1-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[R-1-rip-1]quit
[R-1]quit
<R-1>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 17.
Save the configuration successfully.
<R-1>

<R-2>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R-2]rip 1
[R-2-rip-1]version 2
[R-2-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[R-2-rip-1]quit
[R-2]quit
<R-2>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 17.
Save the configuration successfully.
<R-2>

<R-3>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R-3]rip 1	
[R-3-rip-1]version 2
[R-3-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[R-3-rip-1]quit
[R-3]quit
<R-3>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue?[Y/N]y
Now saving the current configuration to the slot 17.
Save the configuration successfully.
<R-3>

查看R-1路由表，已经可以通过动态路由协议RIP获取到达非直连网络路由，其中如图，优先级为100，度量值为2，到达目标网络需要2个路由设备。
192.168.104.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 GigabitEthernet 0/0/3
192.168.105.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 GigabitEthernet 0/0/3
192.168.106.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 GigabitEthernet 0/0/3
192.168.107.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 GigabitEthernet 0/0/3

最后测试通信情况，每两台主机之间能够互相通信。