如何将数据库字符集改为中文，让今后所有的数据库都支持中文
最后一行有我自己的my.ini文件
数据库输入中文数据时会变为乱码，
这个时候，我们为每个数据库设置字符集，太过于麻烦，为数据库单独设置重启后又会消失
Set character_set_database=’utf8’;
Set character_set_server=’utf8’;先查看当前数据库参数
输入代码：
Show variables like ‘char%’;
set character_set_database='utf8';
Show variables like ‘char%’;
为了确保新创建的数据库和表默认使用UTF-8编码，可以在MySQL的配置文件my.cnf或my.ini中添加或修改以下参数：
这样的方式可以让今后所有的数据库新建时默认utf-8
[client]
default-character-set=utf8mb4
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8mb4
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8mb4
collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci目前只能针对某一数据库来进行，所以直接使用就行
ALTER DATABASE your_database_name CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;通过以上步骤就可以将整个数据库都改为UTF-8支持中文
my.ini（在Unix/Linux系统中通常称为my.cnf）是MySQL数据库的配置文件，用于指定MySQL服务器的各种设置，包括字符集、端口、数据目录等。根据操作系统和安装方式的不同，这个文件可能位于不同的位置。以下是寻找my.ini或my.cnf文件的一些常见位置：
Windows 系统
-
默认安装路径：
C:\ProgramData\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini或C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini
其中
X.Y代表您的MySQL版本号。 -
通过MySQL Installer安装：如果您使用的是MySQL Installer来安装MySQL，那么配置文件可能会被放置在上述默认位置之一。
-
自定义路径：如果在安装过程中指定了不同的配置文件路径，则需要参考当时的安装记录或文档。
-
查看当前使用的配置文件路径：您可以通过以下命令查看MySQL正在使用的配置文件的位置。
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'explicit_defaults_for_timestamp';但是更直接的方式是在命令行下运行：
mysqld --verbose --help | findstr "Default options" -A 10
Unix/Linux 系统
-
标准位置：
/etc/my.cnf/etc/mysql/my.cnf~/.my.cnf（用户特定配置）
-
其他可能位置：MySQL服务启动时会按照特定顺序查找配置文件，您可以使用以下命令找到MySQL实际加载的配置文件：
mysqld --verbose --help | grep -A 1 "Default options"这个命令将列出MySQL搜索配置文件的顺序和位置。
-
Docker容器内：如果MySQL是在Docker容器中运行，配置文件可能是通过挂载卷的方式提供的，或者是在容器内部的一个自定义位置。您可以进入容器检查：
docker exec -it container_name bash
查找配置文件的具体步骤
-
Windows:
- 打开文件资源管理器。
- 导航至上述提到的可能位置之一。
- 如果找不到，请尝试使用搜索功能查找
my.ini或my.cnf文件。
-
Linux/Unix:
- 打开终端。
- 使用
locate或find命令查找配置文件：
或者sudo updatedb # 更新数据库以确保locate能找到最新的文件 locate my.cnffind / -name my.cnf 2>/dev/null
一旦找到了正确的配置文件，就可以按照之前提供的指南进行编辑以修改字符集设置。记得在修改后重启MySQL服务使更改生效。
以下为我的my.ini全文
原文链接各个系统如何寻找数据库的my.ini并进行修改-CSDN博客
# Other default tuning values
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows, when MySQL has been installed using MySQL Installer you
# should keep this file in the ProgramData directory of your server
# (e.g. C:\ProgramData\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To make sure the server
# reads the config file, use the startup option "--defaults-file".
#
# To run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guidelines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
# For advice on how to change settings please see
# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
default_character-set=utf8mb4
# pipe=
# socket=MYSQL
port=3306
[mysql]
no-beep
default-character-set=utf8mb4
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
# server_type=3
[mysqld]
character_set_server=utf8mb4
collation_server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
# The next three options are mutually exclusive to SERVER_PORT below.
# skip-networking
# enable-named-pipe
# shared-memory
# shared-memory-base-name=MYSQL
# The Pipe the MySQL Server will use
# socket=MYSQL
# The access control granted to clients on the named pipe created by the MySQL Server.
# named-pipe-full-access-group=
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
# Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
# basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.7/"
# Path to the database root
datadir=C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.7/Data
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
# character-set-server=
# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# The current server SQL mode, which can be set dynamically.
# Modes affect the SQL syntax MySQL supports and the data validation checks it performs. This
# makes it easier to use MySQL in different environments and to use MySQL together with other
# database servers.
sql-mode="ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
# General and Slow logging.
log-output=FILE
general-log=0
general_log_file="DESKTOP-QNC8DKQ.log"
slow-query-log=1
slow_query_log_file="DESKTOP-QNC8DKQ-slow.log"
long_query_time=10
# Error Logging.
log-error="DESKTOP-QNC8DKQ.err"
# ***** Group Replication Related *****
# Specifies the base name to use for binary log files. With binary logging
# enabled, the server logs all statements that change data to the binary
# log, which is used for backup and replication.
# log-bin
# ***** Group Replication Related *****
# Specifies the server ID. For servers that are used in a replication topology,
# you must specify a unique server ID for each replication server, in the
# range from 1 to 2^32 − 1. "Unique" means that each ID must be different
# from every other ID in use by any other replication source or replica.
server-id=1
# ***** Group Replication Related *****
# Indicates how table and database names are stored on disk and used in MySQL.
# Value 0 = Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE
# TABLE or CREATE DATABASE statement. Name comparisons are case-sensitive. You should not
# set this variable to 0 if you are running MySQL on a system that has case-insensitive file
# names (such as Windows or macOS). If you force this variable to 0 with
# --lower-case-table-names=0 on a case-insensitive file system and access MyISAM tablenames
# using different lettercases, index corruption may result.
# Value 1 = Table names are stored in lowercase on disk and name comparisons are not case-sensitive.
# MySQL converts all table names to lowercase on storage and lookup. This behavior also applies
# to database names and table aliases.
# Value 2 = Table and database names are stored on disk using the lettercase specified in the CREATE TABLE
# or CREATE DATABASE statement, but MySQL converts them to lowercase on lookup. Name comparisons
# are not case-sensitive. This works only on file systems that are not case-sensitive! InnoDB
# table names and view names are stored in lowercase, as for lower_case_table_names=1.
lower_case_table_names=1
# This variable is used to limit the effect of data import and export operations, such as
# those performed by the LOAD DATA and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE statements and the
# LOAD_FILE() function. These operations are permitted only to users who have the FILE privilege.
secure-file-priv="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.7/Uploads"
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=151
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_open_cache=2000
# Defines the maximum size of internal in-memory temporary tables created
# by the MEMORY storage engine and, as of MySQL 8.0.28, the TempTable storage
# engine. If an internal in-memory temporary table exceeds this size, it is
# automatically converted to an on-disk internal temporary table.
tmp_table_size=51M
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file that MySQL is permitted to use while re-creating a
# MyISAM index (during REPAIR TABLE, ALTER TABLE, or LOAD DATA). If the file size would be
# larger than this value, the index is created using the key cache instead, which is slower.
# The value is given in bytes.
myisam_max_sort_file_size=2146435072
# The size of the buffer that is allocated when sorting MyISAM indexes during a REPAIR TABLE
# or when creating indexes with CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=92M
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=8M
# Each thread that does a sequential scan for a MyISAM table allocates a buffer
# of this size (in bytes) for each table it scans. If you do many sequential
# scans, you might want to increase this value, which defaults to 131072. The
# value of this variable should be a multiple of 4KB. If it is set to a value
# that is not a multiple of 4KB, its value is rounded down to the nearest multiple
# of 4KB.
read_buffer_size=128K
# This variable is used for reads from MyISAM tables, and, for any storage engine,
# for Multi-Range Read optimization.
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
#*** INNODB Specific options ***
# innodb_data_home_dir=
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
# skip-innodb
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
# The size in bytes of the buffer that InnoDB uses to write to the log files on
# disk. The default value changed from 8MB to 16MB with the introduction of 32KB
# and 64KB innodb_page_size values. A large log buffer enables large transactions
# to run without the need to write the log to disk before the transactions commit.
# Thus, if you have transactions that update, insert, or delete many rows, making
# the log buffer larger saves disk I/O.
innodb_log_buffer_size=16M
# The size in bytes of the buffer pool, the memory area where InnoDB caches table
# and index data. The default value is 134217728 bytes (128MB). The maximum value
# depends on the CPU architecture; the maximum is 4294967295 (232-1) on 32-bit systems
# and 18446744073709551615 (264-1) on 64-bit systems. On 32-bit systems, the CPU
# architecture and operating system may impose a lower practical maximum size than the
# stated maximum. When the size of the buffer pool is greater than 1GB, setting
# innodb_buffer_pool_instances to a value greater than 1 can improve the scalability on
# a busy server.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=128M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=48M
# Defines the maximum number of threads permitted inside of InnoDB. A value
# of 0 (the default) is interpreted as infinite concurrency (no limit). This
# variable is intended for performance tuning on high concurrency systems.
# InnoDB tries to keep the number of threads inside InnoDB less than or equal to
# the innodb_thread_concurrency limit. Once the limit is reached, additional threads
# are placed into a "First In, First Out" (FIFO) queue for waiting threads. Threads
# waiting for locks are not counted in the number of concurrently executing threads.
innodb_thread_concurrency=17
# The increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extend InnoDB system tablespace file when it becomes full.
innodb_autoextend_increment=64
# The number of regions that the InnoDB buffer pool is divided into.
# For systems with buffer pools in the multi-gigabyte range, dividing the buffer pool into separate instances can improve concurrency,
# by reducing contention as different threads read and write to cached pages.
innodb_buffer_pool_instances=8
# Determines the number of threads that can enter InnoDB concurrently.
innodb_concurrency_tickets=5000
# Specifies how long in milliseconds (ms) a block inserted into the old sublist must stay there after its first access before
# it can be moved to the new sublist.
innodb_old_blocks_time=1000
# When this variable is enabled, InnoDB updates statistics during metadata statements.
innodb_stats_on_metadata=0
# When innodb_file_per_table is enabled (the default in 5.6.6 and higher), InnoDB stores the data and indexes for each newly created table
# in a separate .ibd file, rather than in the system tablespace.
innodb_file_per_table=1
# Use the following list of values: 0 for crc32, 1 for strict_crc32, 2 for innodb, 3 for strict_innodb, 4 for none, 5 for strict_none.
innodb_checksum_algorithm=0
# If this is set to a nonzero value, all tables are closed every flush_time seconds to free up resources and
# synchronize unflushed data to disk.
# This option is best used only on systems with minimal resources.
flush_time=0
# The minimum size of the buffer that is used for plain index scans, range index scans, and joins that do not use
# indexes and thus perform full table scans.
join_buffer_size=256K
# The maximum size of one packet or any generated or intermediate string, or any parameter sent by the
# mysql_stmt_send_long_data() C API function.
max_allowed_packet=4M
# If more than this many successive connection requests from a host are interrupted without a successful connection,
# the server blocks that host from performing further connections.
max_connect_errors=100
# Changes the number of file descriptors available to mysqld.
# You should try increasing the value of this option if mysqld gives you the error "Too many open files".
open_files_limit=4161
# If you see many sort_merge_passes per second in SHOW GLOBAL STATUS output, you can consider increasing the
# sort_buffer_size value to speed up ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations that cannot be improved with query optimization
# or improved indexing.
sort_buffer_size=256K
# Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes.
# Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256.
binlog_row_event_max_size=8K
# If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replica synchronizes its master.info file to disk.
# (using fdatasync()) after every sync_master_info events.
sync_master_info=10000
# If the value of this variable is greater than 0, the MySQL server synchronizes its relay log to disk.
# (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log writes to the relay log.
sync_relay_log=10000
# If the value of this variable is greater than 0, a replica synchronizes its relay-log.info file to disk.
# (using fdatasync()) after every sync_relay_log_info transactions.
sync_relay_log_info=10000
# Load mysql plugins at start."plugin_x ; plugin_y".
# plugin_load
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server X Protocol will listen on.
# loose_mysqlx_port=33060
Windows 如何重启数据库
原文链接 Windows 如何重启数据库-CSDN博客
在Windows操作系统上重启MySQL数据库服务可以通过多种方式进行，包括使用命令行工具和服务管理控制台。以下是具体步骤：
方法一：通过命令提示符（CMD）重启MySQL服务
打开命令提示符：
按 Win + R 键，输入 cmd，然后按 Enter 键打开命令提示符窗口。
停止MySQL服务： 在命令提示符中输入以下命令以停止MySQL服务。请注意，您可能需要管理员权限来执行这些命令。
net stop MySQLX.Y
其中 MySQLX.Y 应替换为您的MySQL服务名称。默认情况下，这可能是 MySQL57, MySQL80 等，取决于您的安装版本。
启动MySQL服务： 输入以下命令以启动MySQL服务：
net start MySQLX.Y
方法二：通过服务管理控制台重启MySQL服务
打开服务管理控制台：
按 Win + R 键，输入 services.msc，然后按 Enter 键打开服务管理控制台。
找到MySQL服务：
在服务列表中向下滚动，直到找到与MySQL相关的服务项，例如 MySQL57, MySQL80 或者您自定义的服务名。
重启MySQL服务：
右键点击MySQL服务项，选择 重启（Restart）。如果服务当前正在运行，此操作将首先停止服务，然后立即重新启动它。
方法三：通过MySQL Workbench重启服务（如果有安装）
如果您安装了MySQL Workbench，也可以通过图形界面来重启MySQL服务：
打开MySQL Workbench。
在左侧的导航栏中，找到并点击 Instance 下的 Startup / Shutdown。
如果服务器当前正在运行，您可以点击 Shutdown 来停止服务，之后再点击 Startup 来启动服务。
注意事项
管理员权限：确保以管理员身份运行命令提示符或服务管理控制台，特别是在执行停止和启动服务的操作时。
确认服务名称：如果不确定MySQL服务的确切名称，可以打开服务管理控制台 (services.msc) 查看所有服务，并找到正确的MySQL服务名称。
等待完成：服务停止和启动过程可能需要一些时间，请耐心等待直至操作完成。
通过以上任意一种方法都可以实现MySQL数据库服务的重启，以便让配置更改生效。